Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40945666›Full record

ArticleAmerican journal of preventive medicine2026

Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy and State Implementation of Legal Nonmedical Cannabis Retail Sales in the U.S., 2011-2023.

Clark H Denny, Nicholas P Deputy, Rahi Abouk, Janae D Dunkley, Coleman Drake, Shin Y Kim, Michael Pella, Douglas R Roehler, Charles E Rose

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
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Article in American journal of preventive medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Clark H DennyNational Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Nicholas P DeputyNational Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, Maryland. Electronic address: wwi9@cdc.gov.
Rahi AboukDepartment of Economics, Finance, and Global Business, William Paterson University, Wayne, New Jersey.
Janae D DunkleyNational Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Coleman DrakeGraduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Shin Y KimNational Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Michael PellaNational Center for State, Tribal, Local, and Territorial Public Health Infrastructure and Workforce, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Douglas R RoehlerNational Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Charles E RoseNational Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.

Funding

Intramural CDC HHS CC999999
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionAlcohol consumption during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and may increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as miscarriage and stillbirth. It is unknown whether legalization of cannabis influences alcohol consumption during pregnancy. This analysis estimates the association between state implementation of legal nonmedical cannabis retail sales and alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

methodsData from the 2011 to 2023 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were analyzed in 2023-2024. Adjusted prevalence ratios comparing current and binge drinking during pregnancy in states after implementation of legal nonmedical cannabis retail sales with those in states before or without implementation were estimated, adjusting for demographic factors. Difference-in-difference analyses, which adjusted for state and time variability, estimated the association between the implementation of legal nonmedical cannabis retail sales and the change in current and binge drinking during pregnancy, controlling for selected demographic and policy variables.

resultsPrevalence of current and binge drinking during pregnancy were 1.43 (95% CI=1.18, 1.73) and 2.13 (95% CI=1.47, 3.09) times higher, respectively, among respondents in states with implementation of legal nonmedical cannabis retail sales than among respondents in states before or without implementation. Implementation of legal nonmedical cannabis retail sales was significantly associated with a 4.96 (95% CI=1.22, 8.70) percentage point increase in binge drinking and a nonsignificant change in current drinking of 3.18 (95% CI= -1.03, 7.39) percentage points.

conclusionsAlcohol consumption among pregnant women may be higher where legal nonmedical cannabis retail sales has been implemented, and implementation may be associated with an increase in binge drinking among pregnant women. Improving alcohol screening and counseling during pregnancy and patient education may be considered.

Indexed as

Alcohol DrinkingBinge DrinkingCannabisCommerceAdolescentAdultBehavioral Risk Factor Surveillance SystemFemaleHumansPregnancyPrevalenceUnited StatesYoung Adult

Identifiers

PMID40945666
PMCPMC13251817

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.