Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40945888›Full record

ArticleAmerican journal of ophthalmology2026

Ocular and Orbital Trauma Correlated With an Increased Risk of Mortality in Female Patients With a History of Intimate Partner Violence.

Linus Amarikwa, Lynette M Renner, Natalie A Homer, Karen M Wai, Chase A Ludwig, Euna Koo, Ehsan Rahimy, Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, Erin M Shriver, Andrea L Kossler

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in American journal of ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Linus AmarikwaFrom the Department of Ophthalmology (L.A.), Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
Lynette M RennerSchool of Social Work (L.M.R.), University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA.
Natalie A HomerDepartment of Ophthalmology (N.A.H., K.M.W., C.A.L., E.K., E.R., P.M., and A.L.K.), Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Karen M WaiDepartment of Ophthalmology (N.A.H., K.M.W., C.A.L., E.K., E.R., P.M., and A.L.K.), Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Chase A LudwigDepartment of Ophthalmology (N.A.H., K.M.W., C.A.L., E.K., E.R., P.M., and A.L.K.), Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Euna KooDepartment of Ophthalmology (N.A.H., K.M.W., C.A.L., E.K., E.R., P.M., and A.L.K.), Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Ehsan RahimyDepartment of Ophthalmology (N.A.H., K.M.W., C.A.L., E.K., E.R., P.M., and A.L.K.), Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Prithvi MruthyunjayaDepartment of Ophthalmology (N.A.H., K.M.W., C.A.L., E.K., E.R., P.M., and A.L.K.), Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Erin M ShriverDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (E.M.S.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Andrea L KosslerDepartment of Ophthalmology (N.A.H., K.M.W., C.A.L., E.K., E.R., P.M., and A.L.K.), Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA. Electronic address: akossler@stanford.edu.

Funding

Stanford Vision Research CoreP30EY026877 · NEI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Jeffrey L Goldberg · 2017 to 2026
$8.0M
NEI NIH HHS P30 EY026877
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo characterize the risk factors for mortality and rates of mortality in female patients with a history of ocular or orbital trauma and intimate partner violence (IPV).

designThis is a retrospective cohort study that included all data from 2005 to 2024.

participantsIncluded females aged 18 to 55 years old with variable history of IPV and orbital trauma.

methodsPatients were identified using the TriNetX Network and were grouped by presence of IPV and orbital trauma. Rates of mortality, hospitalization, and emergency department visits following trauma were analyzed. Propensity score matching was done to control for differences in baseline demographics and medical comorbidities. Cox regression analysis was completed to determine the association between mortality and known risk factors for IPV.

main outcome measuresHazard ratio for mortality and rate of 5-year mortality following ocular or orbital trauma.

resultsAfter matching and assessing for the presence of ocular or orbital trauma, 2812 patients were included in both the IPV-related ocular or orbital trauma and IPV with no ocular or orbital trauma groups. The analysis found that a history of ocular or orbital trauma increased the risk of mortality in patients with a history of IPV (hazard ratio = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.3-2.4, P < .001).

conclusionsA history of ocular or orbital trauma is a significant risk factor for mortality among female patients with a history of IPV. High-risk patients should be identified at the time of presentation and protective measures initiated.

Indexed as

Eye InjuriesIntimate Partner ViolenceAdolescentAdultFemaleHumansMiddle AgedPropensity ScoreRetrospective StudiesRisk FactorsSurvival RateYoung Adult

Identifiers

PMID40945888
PMCPMC13318399

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.