Trends and hotspots in research related to tumor immune escape: bibliometric analysis and future perspectives.

Background: Tumor immune escape, a defining hallmark of malignant tumors, enables cancer cells to thrive within the host by evading detection and attack by the immune system. While immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, have delivered significant clinical advances, their effectiveness is tempered by modest response rates and a growing challenge of drug resistance. In this study, we aimed to explore the development process and trend of tumor immune escape, analyze the current hot spots, and predict the future research directions. Methods: A bibliometric analysis was conducted in this study to retrieve and analyze 1839 publications from January 1, 2009 to February 14, 2025 related to tumor immune escape. Literature was obtained from Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) and data visualization and trend analysis were performed using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, Bibliometrix software package. Results: The bibliometric analysis indicates that research on tumor immune escape has primarily focused on China, the United States, and European countries. China ranks first in research output and impact, with notable contributions from institutions like the Sun Yat-sen University System and the University of Texas System. The journal with the most publications is Frontiers in Immunology, while the most cited article globally is Jiang P's 2018 publication in Nature Medicine, titled "Signatures of T cell dysfunction and exclusion predict cancer immunotherapy response." Keyword co-occurrence and burst analysis indicate that the field has undergone a thematic evolution. Early research centered around classical immune checkpoint molecules and T cell exhaustion, while more recent trends have shifted toward the tumor microenvironment (TME), multi-target combination immunotherapies, and mechanisms of immune evasion involving metabolic reprogramming and the microbiome. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in immunotherapy prediction and biomarker discovery has also gained momentum, highlighting a growing cross-disciplinary approach. Conclusion: This bibliometric study provides a comprehensive overview of the intellectual landscape, research hotspots, and developmental trajectory of tumor immune escape research over the past 14 years. By mapping influential nation, authors, core journals, reference, and keyword bursts, this work not only summarizes major contributions in the field but also helps researchers better understand its evolution and emerging directions. Based on the observed patterns, we propose three key areas that warrant further exploration: (1) advancing interdisciplinary research at the intersection of the microbiome, metabolism, and immune regulation; (2) integrating artificial intelligence and multi-omics data to enhance predictive modeling and therapeutic precision; and (3) combining multi-modal therapeutic strategies to overcome immune escape more effectively.