SynthesisFrontiers in human neuroscience2025
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationships between real-time neurofeedback training parameters and acquisition of neural modulation.
Synthesis in Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Neurofeedback for functional neurological disorders: future directions for research and clinical practice.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2026Review
- Urban environmental exposure as a factor in adaptive neuromodulation: a conceptual framework.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Real-time neurofeedback is an emerging method for regional modulation of neural activity with physiological and behavioral effects that persist beyond the duration of feedback sessions. However, many individuals fail to achieve successful modulation, a challenge known as the "neurofeedback inefficacy problem." This study examined how methodological parameters of neurofeedback training influence the acquisition and retention of neural modulation in healthy adults. Methods: A systematic search identified eligible studies, resulting in 55 participant groups included in the meta-analysis. Standardized mean differences (Hedges' g) were calculated for changes in neural activity from first to last session and from pre- to post-training. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were conducted to assess the impact of discrete and continuous moderators. Results: This meta-analysis identified four parameters associated with significant neural modulation in the desired direction: the neurofeedback imaging device used, complexity of the feedback stimulus, presence of a pre-training rehearsal trial, and EEG target oscillations. Discussion: This meta-analysis highlights key methodological factors that shape neurofeedback efficacy in non-clinical populations. Findings may serve to better understand how methodological variables used in neurofeedback influence the acquisition and retention of neural modulation. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42022357160, identifier: CRD42022357160.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.