ReviewCNS neuroscience & therapeutics2025
How to Improve Cognitive Flexibility: Evidence From Noninvasive Neuromodulation Techniques.
Review in CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Adolescent anodal tDCS ameliorates behavioral deficits and microglial abnormalities in a maternal immune activation mouse model of schizophrenia.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Cognitive Enhancement Through Music Education: Affective Pathways to Executive Function Improvement in Musicians.Brain sciences · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCognitive flexibility (CF) is a core component of executive function that enables humans to adaptively process and respond effectively to diverse and dynamic contextual needs. The execution of CF-related tasks depends on the collective interaction of various neural circuits in essential brain regions, such as the prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and posterior parietal cortices, which support the harmonic and smooth transition of thoughts and perspectives. Therefore, clarifying the mechanism of CF and introducing non-invasive neuromodulatory methods that enhance CF provides a way for developing new treatment approaches.
methodsThis review systematically investigates the application of photobiomodulation (PBM), neurofeedback (NF), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and virtual reality (VR) as non-invasive neuromodulatory techniques for modulating cognitive behaviors related to CF in neuropsychological conditions.
resultsConsidering the vital role of CF in executive functions, deficits in CF impair adaptive behavior in neuropsychological conditions such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and age-related cognitive decline. Some technology-based interventions, including PBM, NF, rTMS, tDCS, and VR, have been developed to non-invasively modulate the switching capability and strategies of the mind. These non-invasive interventions provide targeted neuromodulation on neural circuits and have demonstrated a promising effect in improving cognitive processes, including CF.
conclusionThe present study provides a comprehensive review of the therapeutic consequences of non-invasive neuromodulatory methods on CF in neurological conditions. This insight can offer a perspective for planning various research strategies and clinical approaches aimed at improving CF.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.