Evidence mapPaperPMID 40960225Full record

ReviewInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2025

IMI-Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression 2025.

Mark A Bullimore, Kathryn J Saunders, Rigmor C Baraas, David A Berntsen, Zhi Chen, Audrey Wei Lin Chia, So Goto, Jun Jiang, Weizhong Lan, Nicola S Logan and 17 more

2 registry-linked trialsAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 37 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
37citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07264361 naactive not recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of the D.D.C Dual-control Technology Spectacle Lenses in Delaying the Progression of Myopia: a Randomized Controlled Trial

TypeinterventionalSponsorZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen UniversityRan2026 to 2027Enrolled316ConditionsMyopia, ProgressiveArmsD.D.C dual-control technology spcetacle lenses, Aspheric single-vision lenses
NCT07779941 nanot yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

A Pilot Evaluation of Refractive Error Progression in Pre-Myopic Children in Singapore With and Without Myopia Control Spectacles

TypeinterventionalSponsorSingapore National Eye CentreRan2026 to 2029Enrolled124ConditionsMyopia, Pre-myopiaArmsZeiss MyoActive lenses, Single Vision Lenses
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

37 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Trial
  4. Trial
  5. Effect of 0.01% Atropine on Choroidal Thickness and Ocular Growth in Pre-myopic Children.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026
    Trial
  6. Article
  7. Validation of a Multimodal Wearable Device for Assessing Environmental and Behavioral Risk Factors of Myopia in Children and Adolescents.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026
    Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Next-Generation Myopia Control Spectacles Hint at Defocus Opponency Circuits in the Retina.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026
    Article
  11. Contemporary Research Questions in the Field of Contact Lenses and Where to Next?Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026
    Review
  12. Association between pupil size and response to atropine therapy in the Atropine Treatment of Myopia study (ATOM2).Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026
    Article
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Current Evidence on Options and Efficacy of Combination Therapy for Myopia Control-A Narrative Review.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026
    Review
  17. What a Lens Imposes and What a Child Sees Are Not the Same Thing.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026
    Article
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

27 authors.

Mark A BullimoreCollege of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States.
Kathryn J SaundersCentre for Optometry and Vision Science, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
Rigmor C BaraasNational Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway.
David A BerntsenCollege of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States.
Zhi ChenDepartment of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
Audrey Wei Lin ChiaMyopia Centre of Excellence, Singapore National Eye Centre (SNEC), Singapore, Singapore.
So GotoDepartment of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
Jun JiangNational Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China.
Weizhong LanAier Academy of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.
Nicola S LoganSchool of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Raymond P NajjarSingapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
Jan Roelof PollingDepartment of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Scott A ReadCentre for Vision and Eye Research, Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Emily C Woodman-PieterseCentre for Vision and Eye Research, Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Noémi SzéllDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
Pavan K VerkicharlaMyopia Research Lab, Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
Pei-Chang WuDepartment of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Xiaoying ZhuCollege of Optometry, State University of New York, New York, New York, United States.
James LoughmanSchool of Physics, Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Manbir NagraVision and Eye Research Institute, School of Medicine, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
John R PhillipsSchool of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Huy D M TranSchool of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Fuensanta A Vera-DiazNew England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
Jason YamDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
Yue M LiuHerbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States.
Sarah E SinghHerbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States.
Christine F WildsoetHerbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Myopia is recognized as a significant public health problem, particularly in East and Southeast Asia. This has led to the development and evaluation of a range of interventions to slow its progression and delay its onset. Since the publication of the 2019 International Myopia Institute's review of interventions for controlling myopia onset and progression, treatment options have continued to grow in number. This article reviews the efficacy of such interventions under five categories: optical, pharmacological, environmental (behavioral), colored light, and surgical. In summarizing the efficacy of mature technologies, only randomized controlled trials were considered, although such data are very limited for emerging treatments. The overall conclusion is that there are multiple effective interventions in most categories. Further research should aim to understand the mechanisms underlying myopia progression and the modalities that slow its progression in order to develop more effective treatments.

Indexed as

MyopiaMyopia, DegenerativeRefraction, OcularDisease ProgressionHumans

Identifiers

PMID40960225
PMCPMC12448128

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.