Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40968160›Full record

ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2026

Influence of skin pigmentation on the accuracy and data quality of photoplethysmographic heart rate measurement during exercise.

Anne M Mulholland, Hayley V MacDonald, Elroy J Aguiar, Jonathan E Wingo

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. The digital divide in cardiovascular care: who gets left behind?European heart journal. Digital health · 2026
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Anne M MulhollandDepartment of Exercise Science, Mercer University, Macon, GA, USA. mulholland_a@mercer.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0004-8491-2564
Hayley V MacDonaldDepartment of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
Elroy J AguiarDepartment of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
Jonathan E WingoDepartment of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionWearable devices often use photoplethysmography to estimate heart rate (HR) by measuring light reflected from the cutaneous vascular bed. Notably, higher melanin content of the epidermis may reduce the amount of light transmitted through the skin. Previous studies examining the impact of skin tone on photoplethysmographic HR measurement accuracy have produced mixed results; however, none measured epidermal melanin content. PURPOSE: To determine whether objectively measured skin pigmentation influences the accuracy of photoplethysmographic HR measurement during rest, exercise, and recovery.

methodsSkin pigmentation was quantified from colorimeter measures using Individual Typology Angle (ITA°), a strong correlate of epidermal melanin, in 28 healthy adults (White, n = 16; Black, n = 10; Middle Eastern, n = 1; Persian, n = 1). Chest-worn HR (criterion; Polar H10) and photoplethysmographic HR from three devices (Apple Watch Series 8, Garmin vivosmart 5, SlateSafety BAND V2) were recorded continuously during rest, cycling, and recovery; HR data were averaged into 30-s epochs for analysis. A linear mixed-effects model determined whether ITA° influenced mean absolute error of HR (MAE

resultsITA° predicted MAE

conclusionData quality was negatively impacted by darker skin pigmentation for all tested devices, but skin pigmentation (ITA°) only increased photoplethysmographic HR measurement error to a small degree (~ 1 bpm) for the SlateSafety device.

Indexed as

ExerciseHeart RatePhotoplethysmographySkin PigmentationAdultFemaleHumansMaleMelaninsYoung AdultMelaninsPhysiological monitoringSkin colorWearable deviceWearable technology

Identifiers

PMID40968160
PMCPMC12948776

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.