ArticlePatient related outcome measures2025
Validating the Emotional Well-Being Questionnaire in Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Confirmatory Factor Analysis.
Article in Patient related outcome measures, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Brainstem Raphe Echogenicity and Insomnia in Type 2 Diabetes: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
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4 authors.
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Abstract
Purpose: The Emotional Well-Being Questionnaire (EWQ) assesses a broad spectrum of mental health conditions and related symptoms-depression, anxiety, asthenia, and insomnia-highly relevant in type 2 diabetes (T2D), where emotional distress can impair adherence and outcomes. This pilot cross-sectional study provides preliminary validation evidence for the EWQ six-factor model in a T2D cohort using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), evaluating reliability and convergent validity for mental-health screening. Patients and Methods: A sample of 240 adults (T2D n = 122; control n = 118) with T2D completed the EWQ and nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to assess the six-factor model fit, and convergent validity was evaluated through analysis of EWQ scores with PHQ-9 scores. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis indicated acceptable-borderline fit for a pilot sample (CFI = 0.886; TLI = 0.883; RMSEA = 0.071), providing preliminary support for the six-factor structure. The EWQ demonstrated reliability in the T2D group (Cronbach's α = 0.79). Convergent validity was supported by a significant positive correlation with PHQ-9 scores (r = 0.652, p < 0.001), confirming the EWQ's capacity to assess depressive symptoms in this population. Conclusion: The EWQ's six-factor structure showed preliminary adequacy in adults with T2D. While internal consistency and convergent validity with the PHQ-9 were supportive, overall model fit indices were moderate; therefore, findings should be interpreted with caution and replicated in larger, more diverse samples before clinical implementation. Future studies should focus on cross-cultural validation, measurement invariance, and longitudinal assessment to refine its clinical utility.
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