Evidence mapPaperPMID 40980070Full record

SynthesisPeerJ2025

Advances and challenges in research methods on oral absorption mechanisms of nano-formulations.

Shu-Jun Sun, Yi-Tong Liu, Jin-Yu Nie, Zheng-Yang Hu, Ze-Rong Liu, Hao Chen, Yong-Zhi Hua, Shan Feng, Tao Yi, Ji-Fen Zhang

Abstract readSystematic Review
In one paragraph

Synthesis in PeerJ, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Shu-Jun Sun *College of Biology and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, An Hui Province, China.
Yi-Tong Liu *College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
Jin-Yu NieCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
Zheng-Yang HuCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
Ze-Rong LiuCentral Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Credit Pharmaceutical CO. Ltd., Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
Hao ChenCentral Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Credit Pharmaceutical CO. Ltd., Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
Yong-Zhi HuaCollege of Biology and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, An Hui Province, China.
Shan FengCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
Tao YiFaculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macau, China.
Ji-Fen ZhangCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Nano-formulations show significant promise for oral administration, but their absorption mechanisms-including how nanoparticles traverse intestinal epithelium, whether enhanced absorption stems from solubilization or intact particle uptake, and the fraction of intact nanoparticles entering the bloodstream-remain poorly understood. This hinders their development and clinical application. Research methods are crucial for studying oral absorption mechanisms; however, systematic reviews addressing the research techniques and methods of these mechanisms are still scarce. Consequently, this review was compiled to provide practical methodological guidance for in-depth research on their absorption mechanisms. Methodology: The literature published from 2018 to 2024 was searched in the Web of Science and PubMed databases using the topic 'oral absorption mechanism'. A subset of significant reviews and articles pertaining to the oral absorption mechanism of nano-formulations was chosen from the vast collection of retrieved articles. This review was compiled through a systematic categorization and comparative analysis of the diverse research methods employed to investigate these mechanisms. Results: This review systematically compared the advantages, disadvantages, and rational applications of various experimental models and summarized current methods/techniques for investigating the oral absorption mechanisms of nano-formulations, including mucus layer penetration, endocytosis, intracellular transport and exocytosis pathways, paracellular transport, and lymphatic transport. Careful analysis showed that commonly used cell and tissue models are inadequate to fully simulate the complex gastrointestinal absorption environment; current detection techniques fail to capture the actual Conclusions: The limitations of existing models, techniques, and research approaches underscore the need for innovative methods to advance understanding of oral nano-formulation absorption. Emerging technologies, despite being in the infant stage and facing many bottlenecks, offer transformative potential to overcome these challenges. They are expected to revolutionize research on oral absorption mechanisms of nano-formulations, thus ushering in a new era of comprehensive exploration.

Indexed as

Intestinal AbsorptionNanoparticlesAdministration, OralAnimalsHumansIntestinal MucosaAbsorptionMechanismsMethodologyNano-formulationsOral administration

Identifiers

PMID40980070
PMCPMC12449861

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.