Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40980295›Full record

ArticleWorld journal of diabetes2025

Exploring the relationship between health knowledge, health literacy, self-care, self-efficacy, and glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Sasikala D Amirthalingam, Malanashita Ganeson, Chandramani Thuraisingham, Verna K M Lee, Chun Wai Chan, Lokman H Sulaiman, Sivarajan Ramasamy, Mohamad A Bujang, Cheong Lieng Teng

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Article in World journal of diabetes, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

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2citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

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3 · Its place in the literature

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2 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Sasikala D AmirthalingamDepartment of Family Medicine, IMU University, Seremban 70300, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
Malanashita GanesonDepartment of Family Medicine, IMU University, Seremban 70300, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
Chandramani ThuraisinghamDepartment of Family Medicine, IMU University, Seremban 70300, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
Verna K M LeeDepartment of Family Medicine, IMU University, Seremban 70300, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
Chun Wai ChanDepartment of Family Medicine, IMU University, Seremban 70300, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
Lokman H SulaimanSchool of Medicine, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Federal Territory, Malaysia.
Sivarajan RamasamyNon-Communicable Disease Unit, Department of State Health, Seremban 70300, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
Mohamad A BujangClinical Research Centre, Sarawak General Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuching 93586, Negeri Sarawak, Malaysia.
Cheong Lieng TengDepartment of Family Medicine, IMU University, Seremban 70300, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. cheonglieng_teng@imu.edu.my.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAdults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Malaysia continue to have substantial comorbidities and struggle to achieve glycemic targets.

aimTo comprehensively evaluate diabetes self-care and glycemic control using multiple self-reporting questionnaires.

methodsAdults diagnosed with T2DM attending the Seremban Health Clinic were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Eligible participants were recruited based on a consecutive sampling technique, first-come-first-served-basis if they fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In addition to the usual sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory data, the participants answered seven specific self-reporting questionnaires. This report was focused on six key variables: Glycemic control; self-care; self-efficacy; diabetes knowledge; health literacy; and medication adherence.

resultsA total of 100 adults with T2DM participated. The proportions of participants achieving specific thresholds in the key variables were: Acceptable glycemic control 39.4%; adequate diabetes knowledge 59.6%; sufficient or higher health literacy 80.2%; and medication adherence 51.0%. The mean self-efficacy score was 110.6 (73.3% of maximum), and the mean self-care score was 30.7 (43.9% of maximum). A statistically significant linear correlation was observed for eight pairs of key variables with Pearson's correlation values varying between 0.21 to 0.55. Self-efficacy had a relatively higher correlation while glycated hemoglobin was not correlated with other key variables. Path analysis was conducted to examine the relationships among diabetes self-efficacy (Diabetes Management Self Efficacy scale score), self-care behavior (Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities score), and glycemic control, but the model demonstrated a poor fit (

conclusionWe found substantial suboptimal glycemic control and low self-care practices but acceptable levels of diabetes knowledge, self-efficacy, health literacy and medication adherence among the patients with T2DM. In spite of the correlations between self-care, self-efficacy, and medication adherence, it was surprising that self-care did not correlate with glycemic control. Prospective cohort studies are needed to explore whether these factors influence diabetes outcomes.

Indexed as

AdultGlycemic controlHealth knowledgeMalaysiaPrimary health careSelf-careSelf-efficacyType 2 diabetes mellitus

Identifiers

PMID40980295
PMCPMC12444297

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.