Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering in Neurosurgery: Current Innovations and Future Directions.

Neurosurgery is undergoing a significant transformation driven by advances in biomaterials and tissue engineering. These interdisciplinary innovations address challenges in repairing and regenerating neural tissues, integrating cranial and spinal implants, and improving patient outcomes. The incidence of neurological injuries such as traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury remains high, underscoring the need for improved therapeutic strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current biomaterial and tissue engineering approaches in neurosurgery, highlighting developments in neural tissue repair, cranial and spinal implants, spinal cord injury treatment, and peripheral nerve regeneration. Key challenges-such as ensuring biocompatibility, modulating the immune response, and bridging the gap between laboratory research and clinical application-are discussed. Emerging technologies including 3D bioprinting, nanotechnology (removing microfluidics), and microfluidics are examined for their potential to revolutionize neurosurgical treatments. The need for interdisciplinary collaboration among neurosurgeons, material scientists, and biologists is emphasized as critical for overcoming translational barriers and accelerating the clinical translation of these promising technologies.