Evidence mapPaperPMID 40982199Full record

ArticleClinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico2026

Biochemical landscape of breast cancer: integrating serum markers with clinical prognosis and staging.

Naif Abdullah R Almalki, Mohammed Obaid Alharbi, Mirza Rafi Baig, Salma Naqvi, Fahad A Al-Abbasi, Mohammed Usaid, Firoz Anwar

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Naif Abdullah R AlmalkiDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Mohammed Obaid AlharbiDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Mirza Rafi BaigDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacotherapeutics, Dubai Pharmacy College for Girls, Dubai Medical University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Salma NaqviDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
Fahad A Al-AbbasiDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Mohammed UsaidFaculty of Medicine, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Firoz AnwarDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. fanwar1@kau.edu.sa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3553-3512

Funding

Deanship of Scientific Research. King Abdulaziz University. Jeddah. IPP: 788-130-2025
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundBreast cancer remains a major global health concern due to its heterogeneous nature influenced by genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Serum biomarkers offer promises for improving diagnostic precision and monitoring treatment response.

objectiveTo evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic significance of serum biomarkers including CA-125, CA-19-9, and CA-15-3 in breast cancer patients and to explore associations with clinical and biochemical parameters.

methodsA retrospective, single-center study was conducted in the Hail region, involving 187 breast cancer patients. Data were extracted from electronic health records. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA and regression models, assessed the relationships between serum biomarkers and clinical variables, such as age, cancer stage, obesity, and laboratory parameters. Serum biomarkers CA-125, CA-19-9, and CA-15-3 were quantified using electro-chemi-luminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) assay with Elecsys kits Roche Diagnostics, with detection limits of ~ 1.0 U/ml and inter-assay variability < 7%.

resultsThe highest incidence was observed in women aged 46-55 (26.7%) with obesity present in 50% of cases. Advanced stages (2 and 3) comprised 82.6% of diagnoses. CA-125 levels were elevated in middle-aged patients, while CA-19-9 was higher in younger individuals. CA-15-3 showed increased levels in early-stage cancer, suggesting its utility for early detection. Obesity was linked to increased CA-125 and decreased CA-19-9 levels. Laboratory findings revealed hypocalcemia, elevated bilirubin, high GGT, and increased HbA1c, indicating potential risks of bone metastases, hepatic dysfunction, and poor glycemic control.

conclusionSerum biomarkers demonstrate significant diagnostic and prognostic potential in breast cancer management. Findings support the importance of early detection, obesity management, and integrated monitoring to enhance outcomes and reduce relapse risk.

Indexed as

Biomarkers, TumorBreast NeoplasmsAdultAgedCA-125 AntigenCA-19-9 AntigenFemaleHumansMiddle AgedMucin-1Neoplasm StagingObesityPrognosisRetrospective StudiesBiomarkers, TumorCA-125 AntigenCA-19-9 AntigenMucin-1BiomarkersBreast cancerCA-125CA-15-3 and CA-19-9Clinical prognostics

Identifiers

PMID40982199

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.