Evidence mapPaperPMID 40985188Full record

ReviewJournal of internal medicine2025

Neuroendocrinology meets addiction: Emerging pharmacotherapies on the horizon.

Anna Loften, Mehdi Farokhnia, Leandro F Vendruscolo, Lorenzo Leggio

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of internal medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. A ketogenic diet reduces hepatic alcohol metabolism and alcohol consumption in rats.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Anna LoftenClinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Mehdi FarokhniaClinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Leandro F VendruscoloStress and Addiction Neuroscience Unit, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Lorenzo LeggioClinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Funding

National Institutes of Health Center on Compulsive BehaviorNational Institutes of Health (NIH) Intramural Research ProgramThe Swedish Society of Medicine
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Alcohol and other substance use disorders (ASUDs) are prevalent and major contributors to global morbidity and mortality. Their impact extends beyond the individual, imposing significant burdens on families, communities, healthcare systems, and society at large. Treatments include psychosocial, behavioral, and pharmacological interventions. However, available pharmacological treatments remain limited, primarily targeting alcohol, tobacco, and opioid use disorders, with a lack of approved pharmacotherapies for other substance use disorders. This gap highlights a critical need to develop novel treatment options. Emerging evidence suggests that bidirectional brain-periphery communications play important roles in the pathophysiology and progression of ASUDs. Gut-brain hormones that are involved in the regulation of feeding and metabolism have been shown to influence reinforcing properties of food, alcohol, and other addictive substances. Additionally, stress-related pathways, especially the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, play a significant role in regulating behaviors that are related to ASUDs. Accordingly, feeding- and stress-related neuroendocrine pathways represent novel pharmacotherapeutic targets for ASUDs. This narrative review discusses preclinical and clinical evidence for emerging pharmacotherapies that target ASUD-related neuroendocrine systems. Special emphasis is placed on recent work with glucagon-like peptide-1, ghrelin, fibroblast growth factor-21, amylin, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids.

Indexed as

NeuroendocrinologySubstance-Related DisordersHumansHypothalamo-Hypophyseal SystemPituitary-Adrenal Systemaddictionalcohol use disorderamylinFGF‐21GLP‐1glucocorticoidmineralocorticoidsubstance use disorder

Identifiers

PMID40985188
PMCPMC12522537

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.