Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40987721›Full record

Observational studyBMJ open2025

Persistent global inequality in eye injury burden: a secondary analysis of the 2021 global burden of disease study (1990-2021).

Zihong Wang, Junkai Huang, Yongleng Fang, Yongyi Li, Zini Yan, Huanyan Chen, Yixiang Zheng, Xue Yao, Haoyu Chen

Abstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Zihong WangJoint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0005-7716-6089
Junkai HuangJoint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
Yongleng FangJoint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
Yongyi LiJoint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
Zini YanJoint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
Huanyan ChenJoint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
Yixiang ZhengJoint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
Xue YaoJoint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
Haoyu ChenJoint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China drchenhaoyu@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0676-4610

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesEye injury poses a significant challenge to the global burden of blindness. Using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database, this study aims to comprehensively assess the latest global burden of eye injury and examine its relationship with the Socio-Demographic Index (SDI).

designObservational study.

participantsPopulation-based data on eye injury from the GBD 2021 database, covering the period 1990-2021. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcomes included incidence, prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) due to eye injury. Secondary outcomes included temporal trends analysed using joinpoint regression, age-period-cohort effects, health inequality indices (Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and Concentration Index) and decomposition analysis of contributing factors.

resultsFrom 1990 to 2021, global eye injury incidence (in thousands) increased from 33 702.80 (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 27 271.41 to 44 086.12) to 39 996.91 cases (95% UI: 32 341.74 to 52 215.74), while age-standardised incidence rates (ASIR) declined from 622.73 to 503.26 per 100 000 population (average annual percent change (AAPC): -0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.81 to -0.46, p<0.001). High SDI regions showed the highest ASIR (775.56 per 100 000) compared with low SDI regions (368.26 per 100 000) in 2021. Males bore a greater burden, particularly in high-middle SDI regions (ASIR: 989.98 vs 317.09 per 100 000 for females). Age-period-cohort analysis revealed young adults (20-24 years) had the highest risk across all regions, while high SDI regions uniquely showed accelerating rates among the elderly (>75 years). Health inequality between SDI regions narrowed (SII decreased from 3.10 to 2.21 per 100 000), with population growth contributing 207.93% to increased incidence.

conclusionThe burden of eye injury exhibits distinct patterns across development levels, requiring tailored interventions: occupational safety for young adults in developing regions and fall prevention for the elderly in developed areas. Prevention strategies should align with regional economic development stages, emphasising workplace safety in industrialising regions while maintaining robust healthcare accessibility.

Indexed as

Eye InjuriesGlobal Burden of DiseaseHealth Status DisparitiesAdolescentAdultAgedChildChild, PreschoolFemaleGlobal HealthHumansIncidenceInfantMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceHealthHEALTH ECONOMICSOPHTHALMOLOGYPUBLIC HEALTH

Identifiers

PMID40987721
PMCPMC12458655

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.