Evidence mapPaperPMID 40993189Full record

ArticleNature biomedical engineering2026

An artificial cilia-based array system for sound frequency decoding and resonance-responsive drug release.

Xinwei Wei, Hanlin Wang, Yanfang Wang, Wentao Zhang, Changming Chen, Kaihui Li, Licheng Han, Joseph Rufo, Jianchang Xu, Yuejun Yao and 9 more

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature biomedical engineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Xinwei WeiState Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3058-2817
Hanlin WangInstitute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Yanfang WangState Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Wentao ZhangState Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Changming ChenBiosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Kaihui LiState Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Licheng HanState Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Joseph RufoThomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7408-2393
Jianchang XuState Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Yuejun YaoState Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Yingqi HuangState Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Tianyu ZhangThe Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
Xiangsheng LiuThe Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
Jianqing GaoState Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1052-7060
Ping WangBiosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6474-2722
Chao XuInstitute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2759-6364
Tony Jun HuangThomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1205-3313
Jinqiang WangState Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. jinqiang_wang@zju.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0048-838X
Zhen GuState Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. guzhen@zju.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2947-4456

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China) 32201082National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China) 588020-X42208/061National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China) 82100911Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation) LQ18H070004
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Hair cells in the human ear contain cilia of varying lengths that sense varied acoustic signals. Here, inspired by this, we report an artificial cilia-based sound-decoding device capable of directly recognizing and responding to sound frequencies without relying on electricity and algorithms. We create 3D-printed micrometre-sized (40-200 μm) artificial cilia-based arrays with varying length-to-diameter ratios (30-100) that can sense and decode sound frequency signals (100-6,000 Hz), including piano music and human voices, on the basis of acoustic resonance. The artificial cilia can also vibrate accordingly in water to initiate subsequent tasks such as controlling drug release profiles of two distinct therapeutics (insulin and glucagon) in an acoustic-frequency-responsive manner to treat type 1 diabetic mice. This cochlear cilia-inspired device holds potential for broad applications such as recognizing complicated physiological sounds and performing various tasks in personalized voice interactions.

Indexed as

CiliaDrug LiberationAnimalsHair Cells, AuditoryHumansInsulinMicePrinting, Three-DimensionalSoundInsulin

Identifiers

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.