ArticleShock (Augusta, Ga.)2026
Blood Biomarker and Raman Analysis of Leukocytes in the Multicenter Intelligence Trials: At the Intensive Care Unit (Intelligence-1) and the Emergency Department (Intelligence-2).
Article in Shock (Augusta, Ga.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Optical digital twins for disease prevention, diagnosis, therapy, and intervention.Journal of biomedical optics · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
27 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSepsis, defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, goes along with a complex and not yet fully understood host response. Despite many different biomarkers, optimal screening tools to identify patients with sepsis are still needed. In a previous, single-center clinical trial with well-defined and well-separated patient cohorts, a new biophotonic marker based on the Raman spectroscopic characterization of leukocytes showed added value to stratify patients and identify infection and sepsis.
resultsIn the INTELLIGENCE studies, 279 patients from six centers in two countries were analyzed, and the Raman spectra of ~1500 leukocytes per patient were measured within only 1 hour. This marks a huge step from bench to bedside regarding usability and technology readiness level of Raman spectroscopy in multicentre clinical trials. With a discriminatory power comparable to individual conventional biomarkers (C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, interleukin-6, and soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor), the Raman score of leukocytes could not provide added value to the clinical discrimination of sepsis in the INTELLIGENCE-1 study cohorts of intensive care patients with infections. When translating the classification model from INTELLIGENCE-1 to the heterogeneous patient cohort recruited at the emergency department of the double-blinded INTELLIGENCE-2 trial, the Raman score failed to provide added value.
conclusionsIn theory, Raman assessment of leukocytes might still be a promising tool for sepsis diagnosis and patient stratification, but there is more basic, translational, and clinical research needed to refine its usability and clinical role, probably also taking questions of the pathophysiology of the dysregulated host response for a phenotype stratification into account.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.