ArticleJournal of advanced research2026
Bisphenol S drives breast cancer metastasis by inhibiting dopamine receptor D2 to activate the Akt/GSK3β oncogenic axis.
Article in Journal of advanced research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionBisphenol S (BPS), a substitute for bisphenol A (BPA), serves as an endocrine disruptor implicated in breast cancer (BC) progression, but its mechanisms remain unclear.
objectivesThis study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of BPS effects on BC metastasis through in vivo and in vitro experiments.
methodsTransgenic MMTV-Erbb2 mice that spontaneously developed breast tumors were orally administered BPS (50 μg/L) for 19 weeks, and BC cells were exposed to BPS (0, 0.01, 0.1, or 1 μM) for 72 h to examine the effects of BPS exposure on the migration and invasion of BC cells. Furthermore, we employed transcriptomics, KEGG enrichment analysis and Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) predictions to explore the potential mechanisms underlying BPS induced BC metastasis. In addition, we used tissue microarray (TMA) and public databases to reveal DRD2's critical role in BC progression.
resultsOur results indicated that low-dose BPS (50 μg/L, approximately 6.14 μg/kg/day) facilitated BC metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Transcriptomic analysis identified DRD2 as a critical regulator of migration and invasion in BPS-exposed MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, KEGG enrichment analysis coupled with the CTD demonstrated that BPS enhanced the migration and invasion of BC cells via the Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway activation. Importantly, DRD2 overexpression apparently blocked the Akt/GSK3β pathway, effectively reversing BPS-induced metastasis of BC both in vitro and in vivo. Intriguingly, TMA and public database analyses revealed a marked decrease of DRD2 levels in BC tissues, which were inversely correlated with p-Akt levels in BC tissues and positively associated with the poor clinical characteristics of BC patients.
conclusionBPS exposure reduces DRD2 levels, activating Akt/GSK3β signaling to drive BC metastasis. These findings highlight the risk of BPS as a BPA alternative and unravel mechanistic insights into the role of environmental endocrine disruptors in cancer progression.
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