ReviewInternational journal of molecular medicine2025
Mechanisms of action of retinal microglia in diabetic retinopathy (Review).
Review in International journal of molecular medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Hydroxysafflor Yellow A for Diabetic Retinopathy: A Critical Review of Retinal Neurovascular Mechanisms and Systemic-to-Ocular Pharmacokinetic Barriers.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Blood-Ocular Barrier Dysfunction in Uveitis: A Bidirectional Model Linking Pathogenesis, Clinical Monitoring, and Therapeutic Opportunities.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Dysregulated B cell homeostasis and the involvement of B cell-activating factor in the progression of diabetic retinopathy.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Sympathetic Stress and Sleep Loss in Diabetic Retinopathy: Links to Retinal Blood-Flow Control.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Obesity-associated lysosomal nitrosative stress promotes retinopathy.Biology direct · 2026Article
- Combined proteomics and metabolomics analyses revealed molecular signatures associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Causal effects of antibody-mediated immunity to pathogens on five ophthalmic diseases: a Mendelian randomization study.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Reconstructing the glioblastoma microenvironment in heterotypic 3D spheroids: a multicellular model to study tumor-stromal crosstalk.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of blindness in diabetic microvascular complications, is pathologically associated with the dynamic regulation of retinal microglia. The present review systematically elucidated the dual roles of microglia in DR pathogenesis. Under physiological conditions, microglia maintain blood‑retinal barrier (BRB) integrity by phagocytosing metabolic debris and secreting neurotrophic factors. However, hyperglycaemic stress induces pathological M1 polarization, triggering a cytokine storm (TNF‑α and IL‑1β) via the Toll‑like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation primary response 88/NF‑κB signalling axis, which synergizes with proangiogenic factors (such as VEGF and insulin‑like growth factor 1) to exacerbate BRB breakdown and pathological neovascularization. Notably, activated microglia amplify inflammatory cascades through astrocyte‑Müller cell interaction networks, accelerating neurovascular unit dysfunction. Emerging therapeutic strategies targeting microglial polarization homeostasis (such as promoting M2 anti‑inflammatory phenotypic shifts) and blocking critical inflammatory signalling pathways present novel opportunities for developing multitarget therapeutic agents with combined neuroprotective and anti‑vasopermeability properties. By elucidating microglial heterogeneity and intercellular regulatory networks, the present review highlighted the importance of precise modulation of immune homeostasis in DR management, providing a theoretical foundation for overcoming the limitations of single‑target therapies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.