SynthesisJournal of advanced research2026
Global, regional, and national burden of cardiovascular diseases among postmenopausal women, 1990-2040: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021.
Synthesis in Journal of advanced research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Allosteric activation of Trx1 by antagonizing nitrative modification at tyrosine 49 confers neuroprotection against ischemic stroke.Redox biology · 2026Article
- Global to local burdens, inequalities, and achievable frontiers of child and adolescent malignant neoplasm of bone and articular cartilage across 953 countries and sublocations, 1980-2040, with deep learning-based forecasts.Journal of orthopaedic translation · 2026Article
- The Impact of Population Aging on Ergonomic-Related Low Back Pain Across Regions with Different Development Levels.Journal of pain research · 2026Article
- Post-Thrombectomy Pulse Pressure Trajectories and Outcomes in Middle-Aged and Older Stroke Patients.Clinical interventions in aging · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In postmenopausal women, physiological changes and hormonal transitions accelerate cardiovascular risk, yet global, sex-specific evidence for this group remains limited. Understanding their burden is essential to address biological vulnerabilities and structural inequities. AIM OF REVIEW: This review provides the first comprehensive global, regional, and national assessment of CVD burden among women aged ≥ 55 years from 1990 to 2021 and projects trends to 2040. It synthesizes epidemiological patterns, socio-demographic disparities, and major modifiable risk factors, with the goal of informing gender-sensitive and equity-oriented cardiovascular prevention and policy strategies. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW: Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021, encompassing 204 countries and territories. Incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years were analyzed using age-standardized rates. Temporal trends were quantified with estimated annual percentage changes , and decomposition analysis identified demographic (population growth, aging) and epidemiological contributions. Inequalities were evaluated using slope and concentration indices across socio-demographic index (SDI) levels. Bayesian age-period-cohort models were applied to forecast CVD burden through 2040. Key findings indicate that although age-standardized incidence and mortality rates declined globally, absolute CVD cases and deaths nearly doubled due to demographic expansion. Disparities widened: high-SDI regions achieved the steepest reductions, while low-SDI regions showed slower progress or worsening trends. Ischemic heart disease and stroke remained the dominant contributors, endocarditis was the fastest-rising subtype, and high systolic blood pressure consistently emerged as the leading modifiable risk factor. Collectively, these findings highlight a growing and uneven burden of CVD in postmenopausal women. Strengthened hypertension control, integrated prevention strategies, and investment in primary healthcare-particularly in low-SDI settings-are urgently needed. This review provides a woman-centered evidence base to support equitable cardiovascular health policy and resource allocation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.