Evidence mapPaperPMID 41008211Full record

ArticleFoods (Basel, Switzerland)2025

Spatiotemporal Profiling of Starch-Degrading Enzymes in Nong-Flavor Daqu: Molecular Markers for Quantitative Quality Evaluation.

Yijia Jiang, Yue Lu, Yanling Jin, Yi Shen, Nian Liu, Shu Bao, Kui Peng, Langfei Gan, Chaokai Wang, Yuling Zhang and 6 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Yijia JiangAgricultural Microbial Agents Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China.
Yue LuAgricultural Microbial Agents Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China.
Yanling JinAgricultural Microbial Agents Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China.
Yi ShenSichuan Langjiu Co., Ltd., Luzhou 646523, China.
Nian LiuSichuan Food and Fermentation Industry Research & Design Institute, Chengdu 611130, China.
Shu BaoSichuan Liquor Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610017, China.
Kui PengSichuan Food and Fermentation Industry Research & Design Institute, Chengdu 611130, China.
Langfei GanSichuan Langjiu Co., Ltd., Luzhou 646523, China.
Chaokai WangSichuan Food and Fermentation Industry Research & Design Institute, Chengdu 611130, China.
Yuling ZhangAgricultural Microbial Agents Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China.
Lanchai ChenSchool of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China.
Bo ChenSichuan Langjiu Co., Ltd., Luzhou 646523, China.
Yao XiaoAnalytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China.
Kaize HeAgricultural Microbial Agents Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China.
Zhuolin YiAgricultural Microbial Agents Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China.ORCID 0009-0005-6877-2861
Hai ZhaoAgricultural Microbial Agents Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China.

Funding

the 'Unveiling and Commanding' Project of Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Program 2023YFS0505
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Nong-flavor (NF) Daqu, a critical fermentation starter for traditional Baijiu, harbors diverse starch-degrading enzymes with poorly characterized functional dynamics. This study transcended traditional quality assessments by developing molecular approaches to dissect starch-hydrolyzing enzyme genes. Specific and degenerate primers targeting glucoamylase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase genes were designed, and key genes were qualitatively identified with distinct distributions among NF Daqus and unique presences between JXL and HB Daqu. Quantitative PCR revealed six genes with elevated expression in JXL Daqu versus HB Daqu, and which peaked during late fermentation in both Daqus. Metagenomics identified greater enzymatic diversity in HB Daqu. Phylogenetic clustering confirmed evolutionary conservation (GH13/GH15/GH31 families) and specificity of core enzyme genes across both Daqus. Enzymatic assays demonstrated the dominance of saccharification over α-glucosidase activity in both Daqus, with significantly higher α-glucosidase activity in JXL than HB Daqu. Divergent starch degradation strategies emerged: JXL prioritized high enzyme expression/activity, while HB utilized broader gene abundance. Based on Pearson correlation analysis, the saccharification activity showed the highest but weak correlation with α-glucosidase gene_15963 (r = 0.26), and was also positively correlated with the expression of all other enzyme genes except one glucoamylase gene. Meanwhile, α-glucosidase activity was most strongly linked to glucoamylase gene_22243 (r = 0.76), with additional correlations with two α-glucosidase genes being observed. This establishes RNA-based biomarkers for real-time quality control. Our findings decode divergent microbial strategies (JXL: high-expression/high-activity vs. HB: high-diversity) and provide a molecular framework for optimizing starch utilization in Baijiu fermentation. This technology holds potential to enable precision-driven standardization of traditional food production, which would reduce processing waste and enhance resource efficiency.

Indexed as

enzymatic activityNong flavor Daququality evaluationquantitative polymerase chain reactionstarch degradation

Identifiers

PMID41008211
PMCPMC12469301

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.