Bayesian Graphical Models for Multiscale Inference in Medical Image-Based Joint Degeneration Analysis.

Joint degeneration is a major global health issue requiring improved diagnostic and prognostic tools. This review examines whether integrating Bayesian graphical models with multiscale medical imaging can enhance detection, analysis, and prediction of joint degeneration compared to traditional single-scale methods. Recent advances in quantitative MRI, such as T2 mapping, enable early detection of subtle cartilage changes, supporting earlier intervention. Bayesian graphical models provide a flexible framework for representing complex relationships and updating predictions as new evidence emerges. Unlike prior reviews that address Bayesian methods or musculoskeletal imaging separately, this work synthesizes these domains into a unified framework that spans molecular, cellular, tissue, and organ-level analyses, providing methodological guidance and clinical translation pathways. Key topics within Bayesian inference include multiscale analysis, probabilistic graphical models, spatial-temporal modeling, network connectivity analysis, advanced imaging biomarkers, quantitative analysis, quantitative MRI techniques, radiomics and texture analysis, multimodal integration strategies, uncertainty quantification, variational inference approaches, Monte Carlo methods, and model selection and validation, as well as diffusion models for medical imaging and Bayesian joint diffusion models. Additional attention is given to diffusion models for advanced medical image generation, addressing challenges such as limited datasets and patient privacy. Clinical translation and validation requirements are emphasized, highlighting the need for rigorous evaluation to ensure that synthesized or processed images maintain diagnostic accuracy. Finally, this review discusses implementation challenges and outlines future research directions, emphasizing the potential for earlier diagnosis, improved risk assessment, and personalized treatment strategies to reduce the growing global burden of musculoskeletal disorders.