Evidence mapPaperPMID 41008968Full record

ArticleAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)2025

Box-Behnken Design Optimization of Green Extraction from Tomato Aerial Parts and Axillary Shoots for Enhanced Recovery of Rutin and Complementary Bioactive Compounds.

Simona Marcu Spinu, Mihaela Dragoi Cudalbeanu, Nikola Major, Smiljana Goreta Ban, Igor Palčić, Alina Ortan, Petronela Mihaela Rosu, Narcisa Elena Babeanu

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Process Optimization ofAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
    Article
  2. Phenolic Compounds fromMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Simona Marcu SpinuFaculty of Land Reclamation and Environmental Engineering, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Boulevard, 011464 Bucharest, Romania.
Mihaela Dragoi CudalbeanuFaculty of Land Reclamation and Environmental Engineering, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Boulevard, 011464 Bucharest, Romania.ORCID 0000-0003-2158-3877
Nikola MajorInstitute of Agriculture and Tourism, 52440 Poreč, Croatia.ORCID 0000-0002-4922-3681
Smiljana Goreta BanInstitute of Agriculture and Tourism, 52440 Poreč, Croatia.ORCID 0000-0003-0350-5074
Igor PalčićInstitute of Agriculture and Tourism, 52440 Poreč, Croatia.ORCID 0000-0003-2935-9319
Alina OrtanFaculty of Land Reclamation and Environmental Engineering, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Boulevard, 011464 Bucharest, Romania.ORCID 0000-0003-0925-1677
Petronela Mihaela RosuFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Boulevard, District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania.
Narcisa Elena BabeanuFaculty of Biotechnologies, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Boulevard, 011464 Bucharest, Romania.

Funding

by the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest-Romania, Research Project 846/30.06.2023, acronym EnterGreenFood in the Competition IPC 2023 Research Project 846/30.06.2023Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, CNCS - UEFISCDI, project number PN-IV-P2-2.2-MC-2024-0521, within PNCDI IV. project number PN-IV-P2-2.2-MC-2024-0521, within PNCDI IV
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Tomato aerial parts and axillary shoots represent underutilized agricultural residues with promising phytochemical potential. Despite the recognized antioxidant capacity of rutin, current literature lacks optimized, comparative studies on its extraction from distinct tomato vegetative components. This study aimed to maximize the recovery of rutin and other bioactive compounds from tomato plant biomass using green extraction techniques-microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)-optimized through Box-Behnken design (BBD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The extraction process was optimized for three key variables: temperature, solvent concentration, and plant-to-solvent ratio. Four main responses were evaluated: total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity (DPPH), and rutin concentration. The highest rutin content (8614.23 mg/kg) was obtained in extracts from axillary shoots using MAE. Overall, MAE proved more efficient in recovering both primary and secondary metabolites from axillary shoots, while UAE favored the extraction of certain micronutrients and specific amino acids. Cascade extraction further improved the recovery of key compounds such as vitamin E and quinic acid. The comparative profiling of extracts revealed significant phytochemical differences between tomato aerial parts and axillary shoots, addressing a gap in the literature and underscoring the importance of optimized extraction strategies. These findings highlight tomato plant waste as a valuable source of antioxidant compounds and set the stage for future investigations into their biological activities.

Indexed as

antioxidant activityaxillary shootsBox–Behnken design (BBD)green extractionphytochemical profilingrutintomato aerial partstomato waste

Identifiers

PMID41008968
PMCPMC12466514

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.