The Dual Role of Nanomaterials in Ovarian Cancer and Female Fertility as Anti- and Prooxidants.

Nanomaterials (NMs) are becoming increasingly important in biomedical applications, especially in reproductive biology and oncology. In this review, we examined the "double face" of NMs as prooxidants and antioxidants in relation to ovarian cancer and female fertility. NMs have been shown to reduce oxidative stress pathways in tumors, enhancing the effectiveness of chemotherapy and serving as carriers for drugs and compounds. They are also considered for their protective effects on female fertility by improving oocyte quality, maturation, and survival under various healthy and adverse conditions. However, certain NMs can induce oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ovarian tissue apoptosis when present in high concentrations or after prolonged exposure. These "double face" effects highlight the complex nature of NMs' concentration, shape, and biocompatibility. Although NMs show promise in cancer treatment and fertility preservation, a comprehensive assessment of their prooxidant potential is necessary for successful clinical application.