ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Orphan Three-Finger Toxins from Snake Venoms: Unexplored Library of Novel Biological Ligands with Potential New Structures and Functions.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Three-finger toxins (3FTxs) from snake venom are the most abundant toxin family of mini non-enzymatic proteins, comprising 40-70% of the venom proteome. Despite their common three-finger structural scaffold, 3FTxs exhibit diverse pharmacological functions. Other than neurotoxins, they also include analgesic acid-sensing ion channel blockers, sodium and potassium channel modulators, integrin- and G-protein-coupled-receptor-targeting ligands, and gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor modulators that collectively span pain, cardiovascular, oncologic, and neurologic indications. However, in this fast-growing 3FTx family, there are several hundred 3FTxs whose functions have not yet been determined. Here, we systematically analyzed over 550 amino acid sequences of 3FTxs. Based on their structural features, we have classified them into more than 150 distinct subgroups. This updated information on this novel 3FTx toolkit will provide an unexplored library of investigational ligands and pharmacophores with potential therapeutic and diagnostic leads, as well as research tools. Thus, this review will provide new impetus in toxin research and pave the way for the design of potent, selective ligands for new sets of target receptors, ion channels, and enzymes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.