ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Glial Cytokine and Metabolic Networks in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: From Pathophysiology to Biomarkers and Therapeutic Strategies.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Neuro-Behavioral Improvement and Mechanistic Pathways of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Exosomes in Experimental Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Pooled it
- Altered Erythrocyte Function via TLR9-ox-mtDNA Binding Links Mitochondrial Oxidative Damage to Systemic Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Article
- T Helper Cells and Cytokine Networks in the Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Review
- The Possible Role of Neurofilament Light Chain as a Serum Biomarker in Anorexia Nervosa: Clinical Implications.Biomolecules · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS) represents a distinct clinical and biological entity characterized by compartmentalized neuroinflammation, chronic glial activation, and resistance to conventional immunotherapies. Unlike relapsing MS, PMS is sustained by resident CNS immune networks, where activated microglia and astrocytes orchestrate persistent cytokine signaling-particularly involving TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6-through self-amplifying feedback loops. In this narrative review, we explore how these cytokines interact with oxidative stress, iron accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired autophagy to drive neurodegeneration. Human-based evidence is integrated with insights from experimental models to clarify translational mechanisms. We also highlight fluid biomarkers (e.g., GFAP, NfL) and imaging modalities (e.g., TSPO-PET, QSM) that reflect glial activity and disease progression in vivo. Age, sex hormones, and immunosenescence are discussed as modulators of cytokine expression. Finally, we review emerging therapeutic strategies that target glial metabolism and cytokine networks rather than peripheral immune cells, offering a systems-based framework for future PMS interventions and personalized disease monitoring.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.