ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Comprehensive Profiling of Cytokines and Growth Factors: Pathogenic Roles and Clinical Applications in Autoimmune Diseases.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Discovery of a novel STING-binding peptide associated with reduced cGAMP-induced inflammatory gene expression.Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- From molecular networks to the clinic: a systems biology-nanomedicine roadmap for osteoarthritis diagnosis, regeneration, and safety-by-design.Discover nano · 2026Review
- Recent advances in interstitial fluid dynamics for diagnostic, targeted drug delivery and precision medicine applications.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- Exosome-Mediated Systemic Signaling: Mechanisms, Disease Integration, and Translational Potential.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Isolation, Characterization, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects ofFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Dietary baicalin supplementation enhances growth performance in fattening Hu sheep via dual modulation of immunity and gastrointestinal microbiome-metabolic crosstalk.Journal of animal science and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Modulating effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA15 on immune response and gut microbiota in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice.Folia microbiologica · 2026Article
- Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation of Pyrazino[2,1-Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Oxidative-Stress-Associated Molecular Signatures in Immune-Mediated Diseases: A Systematic Review Integrating Machine Learning and Systems Biology Approaches.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Cognitive Improvement and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Regulation byMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- OptiSyn: an interpretable, multi-omics-driven graph convolutional network framework for synergy-oriented drug combination design in disease treatment.Chinese medicine · 2026Article
- Cytokines and adolescent anorexia nervosa: a case-control study.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Knowledge gaps and research priorities to understand sex differences in immunity.PLoS biology · 2026Review
- Anxiolytic Effects ofInternational journal of general medicine · 2026Article
- Targeting macrophage-mediated TGF-β/BMP signaling in ankylosing spondylitis: from inflammation to pathological bone formation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Structural Basis for TGF-β Mimetic Peptide-Induced Signaling Activation Through Molecular Dynamics Simulations.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Diet, Lifestyle Factors, and Quality of Life in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
- The Prognostic Reliability of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Temporomandibular Joint Disorder - A Systematic Review.Annals of maxillofacial surgeryReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by dysregulated adaptive immune responses leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Cytokines and growth factors play central roles in modulating immune regulation, inflammation, and tissue repair, thereby representing critical biomarkers for the enhancement of diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring. This review provides a comprehensive overview of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as growth factors, emphasizing their pathogenic roles and clinical relevance across various autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and connective tissue diseases such as systemic sclerosis, Sjögren's syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Key pro-inflammatory cytokines-such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and IFN-γ-are examined regarding their contributions to disease progression and activity, alongside anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10 and IL-4, which regulate immune tolerance and inflammation resolution. Growth factors, such as TGF-β, are analyzed for their dual roles in immune modulation, fibrosis, and tissue remodeling. Cytokine signature profiles employed as diagnostic tools are discussed, together with the need for assay standardization. Advances in multiplex and omics technologies facilitating biomarker discovery are also reviewed. Finally, current and emerging therapeutic strategies targeting cytokines and growth factors, such as anti-TNF agents, IL inhibitors, anti-interferon therapies, and JAK/STAT pathway blockers, are explored.
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Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.