ArticleJournal of molecular neuroscience : MN2025
Fluoxetine HCl-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Nose-to-Brain Delivery: Optimization and Synergistic Role of Saffron Oil.
Article in Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Engineering Advanced Nanomedicine Against Depression: From Treatment Challenges to Delivery Strategies.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Enhance Ciprofloxacin Antibacterial Activity Through Diffusion-Controlled Release and Modulation of Bacterial Growth Kinetics.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Intranasal administration in modulating depressive-like behavior and reconstructing treatment paradigms through neuroinflammation and neurotrophic pathways.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesDepression is a widespread psychiatric condition marked by ongoing sadness, disinterest, insomnia, and thoughts of self-harm. Fluoxetine HCl (FH) is a frequently prescribed antidepressant; however, it has low oral bioavailability (28%) due to significant first-pass metabolism and has side effects such as low blood pressure, gastrointestinal discomfort, and blurred vision. This research aimed to create and assess a novel intranasal nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) system for FH, utilizing saffron oil (SO) as a functional lipid to enhance brain delivery while minimizing systemic side effects.
methodsFH-NLCs were prepared using the high-pressure homogenization and ultrasonication method and was optimized based on particle size, PDI, Drug loading and entrapment efficiency.
resultsThe observed mean particle size of FH-NLCs is 117.3 nm, PDI 0.219, and ZP -44.76 mV which were ideal for nose-to-brain delivery. The optimized formulation showed high drug loading and entrapment efficiency. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed a uniform morphology, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated partial amorphization of the drug within the lipid matrix. The in vitro drug release exhibited a sustained profile without burst release, adhering to Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics, which showed non-fickian diffusion Super Case II Transport (n = 1.14). Ex vivo permeation studies on goat nasal mucosa revealed significantly enhanced nasal mucosal permeability compared to the FH solution, indicating the permeation-enhancing properties of SO. Histopathological assessments confirmed the formulation's safety for nasal application. The pharmacodynamic evaluations demonstrated a synergistic antidepressant effect between FH and SO, thereby supporting improved therapeutic efficacy.
conclusionThe intranasal delivery of FH through SO-based NLCs offers a promising approach for direct brain targeting, potentially enhancing clinical outcomes in depression while reducing systemic side effects of FH.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41017000What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.