ArticleDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2026
The estrous cycle moderates the food and body weight suppressive effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonism.
Article in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- GLP-1 Release by Rare Sugar D-Allulose Ameliorates Sucrose-Induced Obesity and Glucose Intolerance in Ovariectomized Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The estrous cycle moderates the food and body weight suppressive effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonism.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Investigation of endocrine and cerebral response and nutrition and physical performance parameters according to bigorexia nervosa levels: a cross-sectional study in sports sciences faculty students.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimsEmerging data suggest more young women than men are prescribed weight loss pharmacotherapies targeting the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). However, preclinical literature has largely used male animals to characterize the neural mechanisms underlying the weight loss abilities of GLP-1R agonists (GLP-1RAs), highlighting a need for female-specific investigations. Recently, we described data pointing to the female estrous cycle as a possible moderator of GLP-1RA's effects in rats. Expression of brainstem Glp1r and the GLP-1 precursor gene, Gcg, increased during two estrous phases, proestrus and estrus (P/E), compared to males and compared to other phases, metestrus and diestrus (M/D). On this basis, we hypothesized that the weight-reducing effects of GLP-1RAs may be potentiated during P/E. MATERIALS AND
methodsIn separate experiments, we determined whether timing administration of acute liraglutide or chronic semaglutide to either P/E or M/D would moderate food intake and weight loss in female rats maintained on a high fat diet. We also used qPCR to explore estrous cycle-dependent variation in Glp1r within widely distributed nuclei relevant to energy balance control.
resultsGLP-1RA administration during P/E, compared to M/D, enhanced the intake-suppressive effects of liraglutide and semaglutide. Moreover, semaglutide administered only during P/E led to greater body weight loss compared to M/D-administered semaglutide. We also observed greater Glp1r expression in P/E compared to M/D in multiple nuclei.
conclusionsGLP-1RAs administered in P/E lead to significantly greater body weight loss via reduction in food intake. Collectively, these data may have translational implications for the timing of GLP-1RA administration across the menstrual cycle.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.