ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2025
Androgen receptor antagonist flutamide modulates estrogen receptor alpha expression in distinct regions of the hypospadiac rat penis.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Unraveling the Androgen Receptor's Role in Hypospadias: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Late gestational exposure to flutamide alters stromal composition and immune landscape in the rat mammary gland during pre-puberty, peri-puberty, and adulthood.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Intrauterine exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), particularly anti-androgens, has been implicated in hypospadias by disrupting fetal masculinization of the genital tubercle (GT). Other pathways, including estrogen signaling, may also contribute but remain poorly characterized, especially in rats - a key model in chemical toxicity testing. Estrogen signaling has also been linked to hypospadias in mice, raising questions about androgen-estrogen interactions in guiding GT differentiation. Methods: We induced hypospadias in male rat offspring via intrauterine exposure to the antiandrogenic drug flutamide and characterized androgen and estrogen receptor expression. Results: We observed key structural and transcriptional changes in the developing penis, including altered estrogen receptor a (ERa, Esr1) expression. Notably, beyond this established androgen-estrogen relationship in hormone-sensitive tissues, anti-androgenic exposure also induced spatial changes in Esr1 expression in specific regions of the GT. Discussion: Future toxicological testing using new approach methodologies (NAMs) should consider androgen-estrogen balance and crosstalk in reproductive tissues as a mechanism of action.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.