ArticleJAMA network open2025
SGLT2 Inhibitors and External Genital Infection in Male Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.
Article in JAMA network open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Safety Profile of SGLT-2 Inhibitors in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Review
- Heart Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Narrative Review of Risk Factors, Therapy, and Current Gaps in Management.Cardiology and therapy · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
importanceNew medications for type 2 diabetes (T2D) control, such as sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2Is) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), have emerged. However, the US Food and Drug Administration has warned about potential risks of Fournier gangrene, a severe genital infection associated with SGLT2I use.
objectiveTo determine comparative risks of male external genital infections (MEGIs) in adult male patients with T2D treated with SGLT2Is. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
participantsA population-based cohort study analyzing Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database was conducted to evaluate the MEGI risk in adult male patients with T2D newly treated with SGLT2Is between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2020. Patients newly treated with GLP-1RAs were chosen during the same period for the active-comparator group, and propensity scores with inverse probability of treatment weighting were applied to balance the baseline characteristics between the 2 treatment groups. Data analyses were conducted between February 2023 and April 2025. EXPOSURES: Treatment with SGLT2Is or GLP-1RAs. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was the incidence of MEGI, identified using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes. To examine the result consistency, subgroup analyses based on age (older or younger than 60 years), diabetes severity (insulin use or not), and kidney function were conducted.
resultsThe study included 239 757 patients; 224 360 initiated SGLT2Is (mean [SD] age, 58.4 [12.3] years) and 15 397 initiated GLP-1RAs (mean [SD] age, 58.1 [13.6] years). Compared with the GLP-1RA group, the SGLT2I group had a significantly increased risk of MEGI (hazard ratio [HR], 1.65; 95% CI, 1.59-1.71). The subgroup analyses indicated an increased risk of MEGI in the SGLT2I group among patients younger than 60 years (HR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.58-2.65), those with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.34-2.15), and those with hemoglobin A1c below 7% (HR, 3.22; 95% CI, 1.71-6.03). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These findings suggest that SGLT2Is are associated with a higher risk of MEGI in adult male patients with T2D, compared with GLP-1RAs. Clinicians should be cautious when prescribing SGLT2Is in male patients with T2D.
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