Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41041606›Full record

ReviewMetabolism open2025

Obesity: Prevalence, causes, consequences, management, preventive strategies and future research directions.

Sirwan Khalid Ahmed, Ribwar Arsalan Mohammed

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Metabolism open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 164 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
164citing papers in PubMed, 11 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

164 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Pooled it
  5. Pooled it
  6. Pooled it
  7. Pooled it
  8. Pooled it
  9. Pooled it
  10. Pooled it
  11. Pooled it
  12. Trial
  13. Trial
  14. Influence of Social Support on Patients' Adherence to Activity Advice in Low Back Pain: A Double-Blinded Randomised Controlled Trial.Physiotherapy research international : the journal for researchers and clinicians in physical therapy · 2026
    Trial
  15. Synergistic Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training andInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025
    Trial
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Review
  19. Review
  20. Article

104 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Sirwan Khalid AhmedCollege of Nursing, University of Raparin, Rania, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, 46012, Iraq.
Ribwar Arsalan MohammedCollege of Nursing, University of Raparin, Rania, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, 46012, Iraq.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Obesity has emerged as one of the most pressing global public health challenges of the 21st century. Obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide, with over 1 billion people classified as obese in 2022, representing 13 % of the global population. Since 1975, obesity rates have tripled, and projections indicate that by 2035, around 1.9 billion adults-approximately 25 % of the world's population-will be affected. Looking further ahead to 2050, it is estimated that 3.80 billion adults, representing more than half of the anticipated global adult population, will be living with overweight or obesity. The increasing burden of obesity is associated with an alarming rise in non-communicable diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and multiple cancers, collectively contributing to over 5 million deaths annually. Obesity is driven by complex interactions between genetic, behavioral, environmental, and socioeconomic factors, with rapid urbanization and globalization accelerating the consumption of high-calorie diets and sedentary lifestyles. While historically prevalent in high-income nations, obesity rates are now rising most rapidly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with over 70 % of obese individuals living in developing nations. The economic costs of obesity are staggering, with projections estimating a global financial burden of $4.32 trillion per year by 2035, equivalent to 3 % of the global GDP. This article explores the epidemiology, determinants, health implications, and policy responses to obesity, emphasizing the urgent need for multisectoral strategies to mitigate its impact. Public health initiatives, taxation on sugar-sweetened beverages, improved food regulations, and increased physical activity promotion are essential components of evidence-based interventions. Addressing the obesity crisis requires global cooperation to implement sustainable, long-term strategies targeting both prevention and treatment.

Indexed as

EpidemiologyGlobal burdenNon-communicable diseasesObesityOverweightPrevention strategiesPublic health

Identifiers

PMID41041606
PMCPMC12486175

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.