ReviewBritish medical bulletin2025
Antipsychotic drugs at 75: the past, present, and future of psychosis management.
Review in British medical bulletin, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effects of xanomeline-trospium on the gut-lung microbiota axis and susceptibility to LPS-induced acute lung injury in male and female mice.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Xanomeline-trospium reverses phencyclidine-induced cognitive deficits through modulation of the gut microbiota-brain axis in mice.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionThe discovery of chlorpromazine in 1950 marked a turning point in psychiatry, and, for the first time, effective pharmacological treatments for psychosis became widely used. Over the following decades, antipsychotics became the cornerstone of schizophrenia treatment, yet their fundamental mechanism-dopamine D2 receptor antagonism-has remained largely unchanged. Now, 75 years on, novel drug classes and advances in mechanistic understanding are reshaping the field. SOURCES OF DATA: This review synthesizes findings from clinical trials, neurobiological research, and pharmacological studies, highlighting the evolution of antipsychotic treatment. AREAS OF AGREEMENT: Antipsychotics reduce positive symptoms, but their efficacy for negative and cognitive symptoms is limited. Clozapine remains the gold standard for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY: The typical/atypical distinction is increasingly seen as outdated. The dopamine hypothesis, while central, does not fully explain schizophrenia. GROWING POINTS: Emerging nondopaminergic treatments-such as the muscarinic agonist xanomeline-trospium-offer new therapeutic avenues. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH: Further research is needed to determine the clinical utility of nondopaminergic drugs, refine stratified treatment approaches, and integrate precision psychiatry into psychosis management.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.