ArticleEye (London, England)2025
Persistent disparities in diabetic retinopathy outcomes among socially deprived individuals despite treatment adherence.
Article in Eye (London, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Two-stage diagnostic intervals in diabetic retinopathy and associated factors: a cross-sectional study.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Pilot Community Health Worker-Based Intervention to Address Social Determinants of Health Among Patients with Diabetes in Ophthalmology.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate the long-term impact of social determinants of health on diabetic retinopathy (DR) incidence, complications, and management in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with emphasis on disparities among treatment-adherent individuals and demographic subgroups.
methodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study using TriNetX, a national electronic health records network spanning 70 U.S. healthcare organisations. Adults diagnosed with T2DM were categorised into socially deprived and non-deprived cohorts based on ICD-10 codes related to housing instability, food insecurity, and financial hardship. Propensity score matching balanced cohorts on demographics, comorbidities, laboratory values, medications, and ophthalmic care utilisation. Outcomes included incident DR, sight-threatening complications, ophthalmic treatment and diagnostics, and documented treatment nonadherence. Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
resultsMatched cohorts included 62,786 socially deprived and 62,786 non-deprived patients (mean age, 54 years; 42% female; 49% White, 27% Black, 14% Hispanic). Over a 10-year follow-up, social deprivation was associated with increased risk of DR (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.34-1.47) and sight-threatening complications, including blindness. Documented nonadherence was significantly increased in the socially deprived cohort (HR 3.57, 95% CI 3.47-3.68). Among patients without documented nonadherence, social deprivation was associated with increased DR risk (HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.35-1.54) and treatment utilisation. Disparities were most pronounced in males, Hispanic individuals, and adults aged 18-39.
conclusionsSocial deprivation, regardless of documented treatment adherence, increased DR incidence and complications. Targeted interventions are needed to address persistent disparities and reduce DR burden.
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