ArticleJournal of medical virology2025
Kinetics of IgA Subtypes and Cytokines in Respiratory Secretions Following Immunization With COVID-19 Mucosal Vaccine.
Article in Journal of medical virology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Crosstalk between the microbiome and the mucosal immunoglobulin A system in the lung, in health and disease.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Kinetics of IgA Subtypes and Cytokines in Respiratory Secretions Following Immunization With COVID-19 Mucosal Vaccine.Journal of medical virology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need for mucosal vaccines inducing respiratory secretory IgA (sIgA), as traditional intramuscular vaccines primarily elicit systemic IgG with limited mucosal protection. This study systematically compared mucosal immune responses induced by two authorized COVID-19 mucosal vaccines: an orally aerosolized adenovirus vector-based vaccine (Ad5-nCoV) and an intranasal live-attenuated influenza virus vector-based vaccine (dNS1-RBD). We longitudinally assessed IgA, IgA1, and IgA2 antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 RBD/Spike protein, alongside cytokine profiles, in nasal secretions and sputum from 40 participants at 7, 14, 28 days, and 3/6 months post-immunization. The orally aerosolized vaccine exhibited superior mucosal immunogenicity, with peak IgA positive conversion rate of 50% (nasal) and 65% (sputum) vs. 30% (nasal) and 40% (sputum) for the intranasal vaccine. Notably, the orally aerosolized vaccine induced sustained IgA2 dominance (> 50%) in sputum at 6 months, whereas the intranasal vaccine showed transient IgA1 predominance followed by decline. Despite these differences, both vaccines elicited modest overall mucosal responses, with only IL-6 showing significant intergroup variation (p < 0.01). This is a study to demonstrate compartmentalized IgA subclass dynamics between upper (nasal) and lower (sputum) respiratory tracts following mucosal vaccination. Our findings highlight the need for optimized mucosal vaccine formulations to enhance respiratory immunity, providing critical insights for developing next-generation COVID-19 vaccines targeting the complex mucosal immune microenvironment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.