Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41096146›Full record

ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2025

Development and Validation of Echocardiography Artificial Intelligence Models: A Narrative Review.

Sadie Bennett, Casey L Johnson, George Fisher, Fiona Erskine, Samuel Krasner, Andrew J Fletcher, Paul Leeson

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Artificial intelligence-driven advancements in agricultural biotechnology.Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2026
    Review
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Sadie BennettOxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-5189-3513
Casey L JohnsonOxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-6281-3523
George FisherDepartment of Cardiology, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK.ORCID 0009-0005-4661-9516
Fiona ErskineOxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.ORCID 0009-0009-3432-0006
Samuel KrasnerOxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-3671-6978
Andrew J FletcherOxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-2182-1089
Paul LeesonOxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-9181-9297

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Echocardiography is a first-line, non-invasive imaging modality widely used to assess cardiac structure and function; however, its interpretation remains highly operator dependent and subject to variability. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into echocardiographic practice holds the potential to transform workflows, enhance efficiency, and improve the consistency of assessments across diverse clinical settings. Interest in the application of AI to echocardiography has grown significantly since the early 2000s with AI models that assist with image acquisition, disease detection, measurement automation, and prognostic stratification for various cardiac conditions. Despite this momentum, the safe and effective deployment of AI models relies on rigorous development and validation practices, yet these are infrequently described in the literature. This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the essential steps in the development and validation of AI models for echocardiography. Additionally, it explores current challenges and outlines future directions for the integration of AI within echocardiography.

Indexed as

artificial intelligencedevelopmentechocardiographysupervised learningunsupervised learningvalidation

Identifiers

PMID41096146
PMCPMC12525995

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.