Evidence mapPaperPMID 41109846Full record

ReviewJournal of diabetes science and technology2025

Continuous Glucose Monitoring to Guide Lifestyle Choices With a Focus on Nutrition in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Raveendhara R Bannuru, Natalie J Bellini, Richard M Bergenstal, Elizabeth A Beverly, Elena A Christofides, Daniel Cox, Nicole Ehrhardt, Katherine Fazioli, Amy Hess Fischl, David Kerr and 8 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of diabetes science and technology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Raveendhara R BannuruAmerican Diabetes Association, Arlington, VA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8069-5783
Natalie J BelliniCase Western Reserve University Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA.ORCID 0009-0005-4439-7374
Richard M BergenstalInternational Diabetes Center, HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9050-5584
Elizabeth A BeverlyPrimary Care, Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6486-8234
Elena A ChristofidesEndocrinology Associates, Columbus, OH, USA.
Daniel CoxUniversity of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Nicole EhrhardtDiabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1813-0789
Katherine FazioliAmerican Diabetes Association, Arlington, VA, USA.ORCID 0009-0000-1190-9656
Amy Hess FischlThe University of Chicago Medicine Kovler Diabetes Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
David KerrCenter for Health Systems Research, Sutter Health, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1335-1857
Otis W KirkseyNeighborhood Medical Center, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
Ka Hei Karen LauJoslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA.
Thomas W MartensInternational Diabetes Center, HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9858-2138
Meredith NobleAmerican Diabetes Association, Arlington, VA, USA.
Prajakta Khare RanadeSt. Luke's Hospital, Chesterfield, MO, USA.
Viral N ShahEndocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3827-7107
Holly J WillisInternational Diabetes Center, HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2404-5751
Nuha A ElSayedAmerican Diabetes Association, Arlington, VA, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesThe objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesize evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to guide lifestyle choices, particularly nutrition, in the management of T2D.

methodsPubMed and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched from inception to June 6, 2025. Randomized controlled trials were included if their intervention involved the use of a CGM device and education or feedback intended to modify nutrition choices, either as part of a nutrition intervention or a multicomponent lifestyle intervention. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed, and certainty of evidence was rated in alignment with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.

resultsA total of 21 RCTs involving 2734 adults in groups of interest were included, with 20 RCTs eligible for meta-analysis. Results from meta-analysis showed statistically significant improvements in HbA1c (MD: -0.46%, 95% CI: -0.71, -0.22), time in range (TIR) 70-180 mg/dL (MD: 7.18%, 95% CI: 2.77, 11.58), time above range (TAR) >180 mg/dL (MD: -7.32%, 95% CI: -12.98, -1.66), fasting glucose (MD: -7.86 mg/dL, 95% CI: -15.06, -0.65), body weight (MD: -2.06 kg, 95% CI: -3.74, -0.38), with moderate certainty of evidence, and for mean CGM glucose (MD: -11.57 mg/dL, 95% CI: -22.58, -0.56), and standard deviation (SD) glucose (MD: -4.06 mg/dL, 95% CI: -6.54, -1.58), with low certainty of evidence. No statistically significant differences were found for other outcomes, typically with low certainty of evidence.

conclusionsFindings from this systematic review and meta-analysis support the use of CGM as a tool to guide lifestyle choices with a focus on nutrition in the management of T2D, with significant benefits related to glycemia and body weight.

Indexed as

continuous glucose monitoringlifestylenutritiontype 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID41109846
PMCPMC12536011

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.