ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
The dual nature of immunotherapy in female reproductive disorders: immune homeostasis and clinical challenges.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Metabolic remodeling of endometriosis microenvironment: Energy stress and immune evasion.iScience · 2026Review
- Miscarriage and the Microbiome: Host Genetics, Immunity, and the Reproductive Tract Ecosystem.Genes · 2026Review
- Regulatory T cells in pregnancy disorders: a multi-dimensional framework for biomarkers and therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The female reproductive system (FRS) exhibits unique immunological characteristics, balancing defense against pathogens with tolerance to sperm and semi-allogeneic embryos. Key players include decidual natural killer (dNK) cells, immune checkpoint molecules (ICMs) and a complex immune microenvironment (IME). Dysregulation of these elements contributes to diseases like recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), endometriosis, primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), and infertility. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, shows significant promise in treating gynecological malignancies (e.g., cervical, endometrial, ovarian cancers), especially in advanced/recurrent settings or with specific biomarkers like mismatch repair deficiency. However, challenges persist, including limited efficacy in microsatellite stable tumors, resistance mechanisms and significant immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Critically, emerging evidence indicates potential detrimental effects of immunotherapy (especially ICIs) on female reproductive function, including diminished ovarian reserve, impaired oocyte maturation, hormonal disruption, and possible infertility, mediated by inflammatory responses, gonadotoxicity, and disruption of immune tolerance. Management of female-specific toxicities requires personalized strategies, fertility assessment, and consideration of preservation techniques. Future directions emphasize the development of predictive biomarkers, optimization of combination therapies, and implementation of truly individualized treatment regimens that account for the unique FRS IME, sex hormone influences, and the imperative to preserve fertility. Addressing the reproductive toxicity of novel immunotherapies remains a critical unmet research need.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.