ArticleWorld journal of diabetes2025
Type 2 diabetes complicated by dry eye syndrome: Analysis of dry eye symptoms, corneal neuropathy, and influencing factors.
Article in World journal of diabetes, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Corneal neuropathy: An overlooked biomarker for dry eye in type 2 diabetes.World journal of diabetes · 2026Article
- Diabetic dry eye: advances in pathogenesis, diagnostic strategies, and therapeutic approaches.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundDry eye, also known as keratoconjunctival dryness, refers to a group of conditions that lead to eye discomfort and visual dysfunction. Being one of the most common complications of diabetes, it can lead to vision loss and, in severe cases, blindness in patients with diabetes.
aimTo investigate ocular dryness manifestations, assess corneal neuropathy, and identify associated influencing factors in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) complicated with comorbid dry eye syndrome (DES).
methodsData from 81 patients with T2D admitted to Xianyang First People's Hospital between January 2022 and June 2023 (18 months) were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into the DES and non-DES groups. Additionally, 50 individuals who concurrently underwent medical examinations served as the control group. Standardized assessments were conducted, including evaluations using the standard patient evaluation of eye dryness (SPEED) tool, noninvasive tear film breakup time (NIBUT) analysis, and Schirmer I test (SIt) determination of wetting length. Under a corneal confocal microscope, subbasal corneal neuropathy evaluations were conducted to determine the density, length, number, and tortuosity of the main nerves. Associations among SPEED scores, NIBUT, SIt results, and subbasal corneal neuropathy parameters in the DES group were examined. The DES and non-DES groups were further analyzed for differences in baseline characteristics, and potential risk factors for DES in patients with T2D were identified by multivariate logistic regression modeling.
resultsThe T2D + DES group showed an increase in the SPEED score, along with a decrease in the NIBUT and SIt wetting length, compared with the non-DES and control groups (
conclusionPatients with T2D are more susceptible to DES. The T2D + DES group exhibited significant reductions in the density, length, and count, along with increased tortuosity, of the main nerve. These corneal nerve changes are also intimately linked to the severity of DES.
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