ReviewPharmacoEconomics - open2025
An Introduction to Costing and the Types of Costs Used within Health Economic Studies.
Review in PharmacoEconomics - open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Preventable Dental Related Emergency Department Visits and Hospital Admissions: A Systematic Review of Economic Burden and Healthcare System Costs.Community dentistry and oral epidemiology · 2026Pooled it
- The economic burden of dengue: a systematic literature review of unit costs for non-fatal episodes treated in the formal healthcare system.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Clinical outcomes and economic burden of bacterial meningitis in Africa: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Expanding access to colorectal cancer screening through community pharmacies: Study protocol for the PharmFIT™ randomized controlled trial.Contemporary clinical trials · 2026Article
- Article
- Cost-effectiveness of pirfenidone for patients with cancer and grade 2 or grade 3 radiation-induced lung injury: A modeling study.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Uncertainty in Economic Evaluation: A Pragmatic Guide for Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Agencies in Resource-Constrained Settings.PharmacoEconomics · 2026Review
- The cost-effectiveness of Wolbachia-based biocontrol interventions for dengue: A scoping review of the available evidence.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Economic evidence of alternative formulations and routes of administration for identical active pharmaceutical ingredient: a systematic review.Health economics review · 2026Review
- Economic evaluation of alternative hepatitis C treatment options: a post hoc analysis of the VIETNARMS trial.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Article
- The economic burden and costs of suicide and self-harm in Sweden.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Activity-Based Costing of COVID-19 RT-PCR Testing in Public Laboratories in Indonesia: Evidence for Tariff Setting.ClinicoEconomics and outcomes research : CEOR · 2026Article
- Drug-related problems and their predictors in pediatric community-acquired infections: the role of pharmacist-led interventions in Pakistan.Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The number of published health economic analyses, especially economic evaluations, has rapidly expanded globally since the 1990s, and costs are an essential component of such studies. Cost is a general term that refers to the value of the resources/inputs used to produce a good or service. However, within health economics, there are several different types of costs (such as financial, economic, unit, average, etc.). The terminology and application of these cost types often differ, leading to inconsistencies in the health economics literature. These inconsistencies create challenges in comparing studies and hinder the use of health economic analyses to effectively inform policy decisions. This paper aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the cost types, key cost terms, and definitions of different cost measures used within health economics, while highlighting key inconsistencies in the literature. We also discuss common adjustments made to cost data, such as accounting for inflation, discounting, and currency conversions, as well as the influence of economies of scale and scope on cost estimates. We highlight that the different definitions/categories for the different types of costs are not mutually exclusive and that the type of cost that should be used will depend on the purpose of the study, highlighting recommendations of what to do in practice where relevant. The content was tailored to be relevant across both high-income and LMIC contexts.
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.