Observational studyNature communications2025
A wearable-based aging clock associates with disease and behavior.
Observational study in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sleep duration links to biological aging clocks: when sleep gets tough, aging gets going.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Biological aging clocks in health and disease.Nature medicine · 2026Review
- Cuffless hemodynamic monitoring with physics-informed machine learning models.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Vascular age estimation using a consumer wearable sleep tracker.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- Epigenetic Clocks, Resilience, and Multi-Omics Ageing: A Review and the EpiAge-R Conceptual Framework.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Data-hugging shields proprietary AI models from research that could disprove them.NPJ artificial intelligence · 2026Review
- Nurses as guardians of time: the hidden clinical value of continuous care in geriatrics.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Integrative research on technology-assisted physical activity and biological aging: a review of wearable sensors, tele-exercise platforms, and aging biomarkers.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Aging biomarkers play a vital role in understanding longevity, with the potential to improve clinical decisions and interventions. Existing aging clocks typically use blood, vitals, or imaging collected in a clinical setting. Wearables, in contrast, can make frequent and inexpensive measurements throughout daily living. Here we develop PpgAge, an aging clock using photoplethysmography at the wrist from a consumer wearable. Using the Apple Heart & Movement Study (n = 213,593 participants; >149 million participant-days), our observational analysis shows that this non-invasive and passively collected aging clock accurately predicts chronological age and captures signs of healthy aging. Participants with an elevated PpgAge gap (i.e., predicted age greater than chronological age) have significantly higher diagnosis rates of heart disease, heart failure, and diabetes. Elevated PpgAge gap is also a significant predictor of incident heart disease events (and new diagnoses) when controlling for relevant risk factors. PpgAge also associates with behavior, including smoking, exercise, and sleep. Longitudinally, PpgAge exhibits a sharp increase during pregnancy and concurrent with certain types of cardiac events.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.