Progress on encapsulation and entrapment of enzymes in electrospun nanofibers.

Electrospun nanofibers have attracted significant interest due to their high surface area-to-volume ratio, porosity, interconnected voids, and advantageous mechanical, chemical, and physical properties. Enzymes, known for its exceptional catalytic properties, are promising candidates for various industrial applications. However, the use of free enzymes is limited by challenges such as poor recyclability and susceptibility to environmental factors. Immobilization techniques offer a viable solution by enhancing the stability and activity of enzymes. This review compares four enzyme immobilization methods to identify the most effective strategy and focuses on the various approaches to optimize electrospinning methods, as well as parameters to maximize enzyme loading, activity retention, and stability. Among the various immobilization methods, entrapment and encapsulation of enzymes within electrospun nanofibers have garnered significant attention in recent years. The review discusses the applications and challenges associated with enzyme entrapment and encapsulation using electrospinning. Overall, advancements in electrospun nanofibers with encapsulated or entrapped enzymes highlight their potential as robust, efficient, and sustainable platforms for biosensors, therapeutics, antimicrobial applications, smart textiles, as well as food and wastewater treatment processes. Subsequently, future research should focus on scalable electrospinning processes, the development of eco-friendly materials, long-term enzyme stability, multi-enzyme systems, and a deeper mechanistic understanding to further enhance performance and safety.