ArticleScientific reports2025
Phytochemical characterization and biological activities of wild Ceratonia siliqua L. leaves: antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic effects.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Carob Tree: A Review of Traditional Uses, Medicinal Properties, and Future Perspectives in Sustainable Forestry.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Facile and efficient synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Stachys viscosa with phenolic profiling, antioxidant potential and cytotoxic activity.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Phytochemical profiling and pharmacological evaluation ofFrontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is a Mediterranean plant traditionally valued for its nutritional and therapeutic properties. Despite the recognized biological potential of its various parts, the pharmacological value of carob leaves remains underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical content and assess the antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic properties of wild carob leaves ethanolic extract (CLEE). The total polyphenol, flavonoid, and condensed tannin contents of CLEE were quantified as 163.50 ± 9.25 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry matter (DM), 22.23 ± 8.61 mg quercetin equivalent/g DM, and 34.35 ± 9.70 mg catechin equivalent/g DM, respectively. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed cinnamic, ferulic, sinapic, rutin, and succinic acids as the dominant phenolic compounds. CLEE exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values of 0.293 ± 0.034 mg/mL for DPPH and 19.48 ± 2.47 mg/mL for ABTS assays, alongside a total antioxidant capacity of 189.01 ± 7.18 µg ascorbic acid equivalent/mg. The extract also demonstrated notable antibacterial effects against a range of bacterial strains, as evaluated by disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Cytotoxicity assays revealed that CLEE exerted a selective antiproliferative effect against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, with an IC₅₀ value of 28.26 ± 3.15 µg/mL. Molecular docking highlighted rutin as a key compound contributing to the antioxidant activity. In silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion profiling showed that most detected bioactive compounds possess good oral bioavailability and comply with Lipinski's rule of five. These findings suggest that CLEE contains pharmacologically relevant constituents and holds promise as a source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial and anticancer agents. The study supports the valorisation of wild carob leaves, often considered an agricultural by-product, for potential applications in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical development.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.