Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41122175›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025

Th9 cells provide protective TB immunity.

Mei Xia, Azra Blazevic, Huan Ning, Christopher S Eickhoff, Chad E Storer, Richard D Head, Jianguo Liu, Jessica Jarvela, David Stoeckel, Erin Rakey and 5 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Mei XiaDivision of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States.
Azra BlazevicDivision of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States.
Huan NingDivision of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States.
Christopher S EickhoffDivision of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States.
Chad E StorerGenome Technology Access Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
Richard D HeadGenome Technology Access Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
Jianguo LiuDivision of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States.
Jessica JarvelaDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
David StoeckelDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States.
Erin RakeyDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States.
Jan TennantDivision of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States.
Daniel L MillerDepartment of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States.
Kathleen R HollowayDivision of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States.
Richard F SilverDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
Daniel F HoftDivision of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States.

Funding

Th9 cells and protective TB immunityR01AI168543 · NIAID · SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY · PI Daniel F. Hoft, Jianguo Liu · 2022 to 2026
$3.3M
NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI168543
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: CD4+ Th9 cells have been associated with inflammatory and allergic diseases. IL-9/Th9 can function as both positive and negative immune regulators, but their protective effects against Methods: To study TB-specific Th9 protective effects, we generated Th9 cells from ESAT6-specific TCR transgenic mice and healthy human donors. Results: Both murine and human Th9 cells significantly inhibited intracellular mycobacterial growth. In both Discussion: Th9 cells can provide important protection against Mtb infection, and should be targeted with future TB vaccine strategies. Furthermore, Th9 cells appear to utilize a novel protective mechanism independent from Th1-mediated protective responses.

Indexed as

Mycobacterium tuberculosisT-Lymphocytes, Helper-InducerTuberculosisAdoptive TransferAnimalsAntigens, BacterialBCG VaccineFemaleHumansInterleukin-9MiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, KnockoutMice, TransgenicTh1 CellsAntigens, BacterialBCG VaccineInterleukin-9BCGbronchoalveolar lavageIL-9mycobacterium tuberculosisTh9 cellstranscriptomic assay

Identifiers

PMID41122175
PMCPMC12535965

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.