ArticleBMC health services research2025
Accessibility and difficulties of COVID-19-related healthcare services for Vietnamese migrants in Japan: a cross-sectional online survey.
Article in BMC health services research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic revealed significant gaps in healthcare access for migrants, including Vietnamese migrants in Japan who are young and growing. This study aimed to clarify the accessibility and difficulties related to COVID-19 healthcare services (vaccination, testing, and medical care) and identify factors associated with these difficulties.
methodsA cross-sectional online survey was conducted from March to April 2023 through a Vietnamese social media platform with 1.5 million followers. Data from 418 respondents were analysed descriptively, and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with experienced difficulties. Independent variables included age, education, residential status, length of stay in Japan, Japanese language proficiency, underlying diseases, and health insurance.
resultsAmong 418 participants, 47.1% were Technical Intern Trainees, and 93.3% were under 30. Over 95% of the participants perceived that COVID-19 vaccination, testing, and medical care were accessible if needed; however, 26.6% had unmet healthcare needs. The self-reported uptake rate was 90.4% for vaccination and 84.4% for testing among all 418 participants, and 84.0% of 97 participants who tested positive accessed medical care. Among those who received services, 18.8% experienced difficulties with vaccination, 24.1% with testing, and 69.1% with medical care. Major difficulties included cost, administrative requirements, and long waiting times. Factors such as age, education, length of time living in Japan, and underlying diseases were associated with greater difficulties. Japanese language proficiency specifically reduced the odds of difficulties in accessing medical care (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.008, confidence interval [CI] = 0.001-0.117, p <.001) but not for vaccination (AOR = 0.481, CI = 0.186-1.247, p =.132) or testing (AOR = 0.559, CI = 0.230-1.356, p =.198).
conclusionsDespite high self-reported accessibility to COVID-19-related healthcare services, unmet needs for general healthcare persisted among one-fourth of the participants. These challenges were influenced by individual and structural factors, particularly language, education, and system navigation. Tailored interventions such as multilingual support, simplified administrative processes, and enhanced community outreach are essential to address disparities for Vietnamese migrants. These findings underscore the importance of integrating migrants into health systems and preparedness frameworks to ensure equitable healthcare access during future health emergencies.
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