Evidence mapPaperPMID 41127683Full record

ReviewOncoTargets and therapy2025

Advances in the Use of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Colorectal Cancer Treatment.

Jianing Li, Tong Fu, Zhu Wen, Jiahao Liang, Yanzhi Qiu, Kaiqing Li, Jiamin Yang, Ying Tong, Hongbo Cai

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in OncoTargets and therapy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Jianing LiGraduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
Tong FuDepartment of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA.
Zhu WenFirst Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
Jiahao LiangGraduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
Yanzhi QiuGraduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
Kaiqing LiGraduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
Jiamin YangGraduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
Ying TongFirst Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
Hongbo CaiFirst Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly prevalent malignant tumor worldwide, and the emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has changed CRC immunotherapy. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of registered clinical trials on ICIs in CRC worldwide, with a focus on major molecular targets, combination therapy strategies, geographic distribution patterns, and future directions for precision immunotherapy. Methods: All clinical trials related to ICIs in CRC were retrieved. Trials were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and core information such as trial phase, conducting country, mechanism targets, and combination therapy, was systematically organized for retrospective and trend analyses. Results: A total of 1,479 eligible clinical trials were included. There has been a steady increase in the number of registered trials, with Phase II trials being the most numerous. The United States and China lead globally in the number of trials reported. Key research targets included PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, and molecules related to the tumor microenvironment. Combination therapies involving ICIs, anti-angiogenic agents, and targeted drugs across multiple pathways emerged as a new research focus. Conclusion: ICIs have driven the development of precision immunotherapy for CRC, and multi-target combination therapies hold promise for improving outcomes. However, clinical translation and efficacy improvements remain challenging. Future studies should focus on the mechanisms involved and accumulating clinical data to guide more effective immunotherapy strategies.

Indexed as

clinical trialscolorectal cancercombination therapyimmune checkpoint inhibitorstumor microenvironment

Identifiers

PMID41127683
PMCPMC12537809

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.