Associations between chrono-nutrition and chronic kidney disease, urinary incontinence and kidney stones: a cross-sectional study.

Objective: Dietary timing rhythms may be closely associated with various diseases. This study aims to investigate the relationships between chrono-nutrition and chronic kidney disease (CKD), urinary incontinence, and kidney stones. Methods: A total of 116,876 participants from 11 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2020) were included. Logistic regression, sensitivity analysis, and restricted cubic splines were used to examine the relationships and verify the stability of the results. Results: We found that a shorter eating window was a risk factor for CKD (OR: 1.10, 95 % CI: 1.03, 1.17), urinary incontinence (OR: 1.11, 95 % CI: 1.03, 1.20), and kidney stones (OR: 1.13, 95 % CI: 1.03, 1.24). Fewer meal frequencies were associated with increased odds of urinary incontinence (twice a day: OR: 1.10, 95 % CI: 1.02, 1.18). Skipping breakfast was associated with a higher likelihood of CKD (OR: 1.10, 95 % CI: 1.02, 1.19) and urinary incontinence (OR: 1.12, 95 % CI: 1.02, 1.23). Conclusions: Our research indicated that shorter eating window, fewer meal frequencies, and skipping meals may be risk factors for urological diseases. Therefore, the potential risks of fasting regimens used for weight loss or diabetes management should be considered, particularly in individuals with underlying conditions.