ArticleFrontiers in sports and active living2025
Stroke rate-stroke length dynamics in elite freestyle swimming: application of kernel density estimation.
Article in Frontiers in sports and active living, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effects of NMES Combined with Water-Based Resistance Training on Muscle Coordination in Freestyle Kick Movement.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Nonlinear interaction between stroke length and stroke rate in elite swimming.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- Swimming expertise is associated with enhanced suprasecond visual duration discrimination across silent and rhythmic contexts.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Objectives: To analyse stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL) combinations among elite swimmers to better understand stroke strategies across all race distances of freestyle events. Design: We analysed SR and SL data from 324 male and female swimmers competing in all individual freestyle events (50 m to 1,500 m) at the 2019 European Short-Course Championships using video-based kinematic analysis. Methods: Two-dimensional kernel density estimation (2D KDE) was applied to visualise SR-SL combinations. Spearman correlations quantified relationships between stroke parameters and speed by sex and race distance. Results: In the 50 m sprint, SL showed the strongest positive correlation with speed (men: Conclusions: These findings highlight the complexity and individuality of stroke mechanics at elite levels and suggest that superior conditioning and technique enable medallists to sustain elevated SR without compromising SL. The application of 2D KDE provides a novel, intuitive method to capture nuanced biomechanical strategies, offering valuable insights for coaching and performance optimisation.
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