ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025
Optimizing monocyte-derived immune cell cultures: comparing xeno-free and xenogeneic conditions.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Culture Dimensionality Regulates Protein Expression and Bioactivity in THP-1-Derived Macrophages.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Review
- Pigs with CD163 Mutation Conferred PRRSV Resistance.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Harnessing macrophages for precision drug delivery and cancer therapy: Strategies, advances and challenges.Materials today. Bio · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Culture conditions significantly affect the phenotype of immune cells. This study compared, for the first time, the impact of xeno-free human AB serum and xenogeneic fetal bovine serum (FBS) culture conditions on the surface marker expression of monocyte-derived macrophages (Mo-Mø) and dendritic cells (Mo-DC) using spectral flow cytometry. Monocytes were differentiated into macrophages or Mo-DC over 6 days. M0 macrophages were polarized toward M1-like or M2-like macrophages, and Mo-DC were activated using LPS. Differentiation was successful in both conditions. Despite cells exhibiting autofluorescence, distinct phenotypes based on selected differentiation markers were observed. CD1a expression was lacking in AB cultures, while expression of CD16, CD163 and the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 were significantly upregulated and CD86 downregulated by xenogeneic FBS conditions. These novel findings highlight the need for careful selection of serum type and phenotyping markers to minimize unexpected results and account for potential serum-induced interference with marker expressions in monocyte-derived immune cells.
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Registered trials
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