Covariate adjustment in cluster randomised trials: a practical guide.

Karla Hemming, Jack Hall, Andrew Copas, Sam Watson, Monica Taljaard, Richard Hooper

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

5citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

Intensification of blood pressure lowering therapeutics based on diuretics versus usual management for uncontrolled hypertension in patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease (THINK): protocol for an open label, two-parallel group, cluster randomised controlled, superiority, phase 3 trial.BMJ open · 2026
Article
Reducing Bias in Cluster Randomized Trials in Nephrology.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2026
Article
Effect of combining peripheral defocus spectacle lens wear with 0.01% atropine.Annals of translational medicine · 2026
Article
Protocol for a review of statistical methods used to estimate risk ratios and risk differences in parallel cluster randomised trials.Trials · 2026
Article
Female Community Health Volunteer-led intervention for hypertension prevention and control in rural Nepal: A hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation design.PLOS global public health · 2026
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Karla HemmingInstitute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2226-6550

Jack HallInstitute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.

Andrew CopasMRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, UK.

Sam WatsonInstitute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.

Monica TaljaardMethodological and Implementation Research Programme, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.

Richard HooperWolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

PubMed holds no abstract for this paper.

Identifiers

PMID41136249

DOI10.1136/bmj-2025-084194

PMCPMC12550654

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.