SynthesisFrontiers in medicine2025
Effects of non-invasive brain stimulation combined with cognitive training on cognitive functions in older people with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review with meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Frontiers in medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Effectiveness of Immersive and Non-Immersive Virtual Reality Interventions on Cognitive Function in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has emerged as a potential adjunct to cognitive training for enhancing cognitive performance in older peoples with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of combined NIBS and cognitive training on cognitive function in this population. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, EBSCOhost, CINAHL Complete, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Scopus, and Web of Science up to May 2025. The review followed PRISMA guidelines, and methodological quality was assessed using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine levels, the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool (RoB 2) tool for risk of bias, and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach for the certainty of evidence. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024563219). Studies were included if they assessed the effects of NIBS in combination with cognitive training on cognitive outcomes in older peoples with MCI. Results: A total of 1,689 records were screened, and 10 studies met the inclusion criteria. The results indicated a moderate positive effect of the combined intervention on attention and processing speed as measured by the Trail-Making Test Part A (TMT-A; effect size = 0.54). Improvements were also observed in global cognition as assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), though the results were not statistically significant ( Conclusion: The combination of NIBS and cognitive training appears to yield beneficial effects on specific cognitive domains, particularly attention and processing speed, in older people with MCI. These findings support the potential role of NIBS as an adjunctive intervention to cognitive training for enhancing cognitive function in this population. Further high-quality randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm these effects. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024563219, identifier (CRD42024563219).
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.